Ray Ozzie备忘录全文

Ray Ozzie备忘录全文
2005.11.11
To: Executive Staff and direct reports
From: Ray Ozzie
Date: October 28, 2005
Subject: The Internet Services Disruption

It is an exciting time, as we’re at the beginning of the biggest product cycle in the company’s history. In a week we ship new versions of Visual Studio, SQL Server and BizTalk Server. Later this month we ship Xbox 360. Next year we have a double barreled release of our two largest products with Windows Vista and Office “12”. It’s a great time for customers, our partners, and for those at Microsoft who have put so much of themselves into these products.

But we bring these innovations to market at a time of great turbulence and potential change in the industry. This isn’t the first time of such great change: we’ve needed to reflect upon our core strategy and direction just about every five years. Such changes are inevitable because of the progressive and dramatic evolution of computing and communications technology, because of resultant changes in how our customers use and apply that technology, and because of the continuous emergence of competitors with new approaches and perspectives.

In 1990, there was actually a question about whether the graphical user interface had merit. Apple amongst others valiantly tried to convince the market of the GUI’s broad benefits, but the non-GUI Lotus 1-2-3 and WordPerfect had significant momentum. But Microsoft recognized the GUI’s transformative potential, and committed the organization to pursuit of the dream – through investment in applications, platform and tools – based on a belief that the GUI would dramatically expand and democratize computing.

When we reflected upon our dreams just five years later in 1995, the impetus for our new center of gravity came from the then-nascent web. With a clear view upon the challenges and opportunities it presented, the entire company pivoted to focus on the internet to pursue that ‘fully connected’ dream with support for internet standards throughout our product line: a web browser, server and development tools, and a service in MSN that was transformed into a web portal. Many things we developed in that era continue to fuel the growth of today’s internet: the technologies of AJAX – DHTML and XMLHTTP – were created in 1998 and used in products such as OWA.

In 2000, in the waning days of the dot com bubble, we yet again reflected on our strategy and refined our direction. After taking a more deliberative look at the internet and its implications for software, we came to the conclusion that the internet would go beyond browsing and should support programmability on a global scale. We observed that certain aspects of our most fundamental platform – the tools and services that developers use when building their software – would not likely satisfy the emerging security and interoperability requirements of the internet. So we embarked upon .NET, a transformative new generation of the platform and tools built around managed code, the XML format and web services programming model. At the time, it was a risky bet to build natively around XML, but this bet paid off handsomely and .NET has become the most popular development environment in the world.

It is now 2005, and the environment has changed yet again – this time around services. Computing and communications technologies have dramatically and progressively improved to enable the viability of a services-based model. The ubiquity of broadband and wireless networking has changed the nature of how people interact, and they’re increasingly drawn toward the simplicity of services and service-enabled software that ‘just works’. Businesses are increasingly considering what services-based economics of scale might do to help them reduce infrastructure costs or deploy solutions as-needed and on subscription basis.

Most challenging and promising to our business, though, is that a new business model has emerged in the form of advertising-supported services and software. This model has the potential to fundamentally impact how we and other developers build, deliver, and monetize innovations. No one yet knows what kind of software and in which markets this model will be embraced, and there is tremendous revenue potential in those where it ultimately is.

Just as in the past, we must reflect upon what’s going on around us, and reflect upon our strengths, weaknesses and industry leadership responsibilities, and respond. As much as ever, it’s clear that if we fail to do so, our business as we know it is at risk. We must respond quickly and decisively.
The Landscape

Since 1995, inexpensive computing and communications technologies have advanced at a rapid rate that even exceeded our expectations. It’s so very difficult now for us to imagine a world without the PC, the web and the cell phone. In the US, there are more than 100MM broadband users, 190MM mobile phone subscribers, and WiFi networks blanket the urban landscape. This pattern is mirrored in much of the developed world. Computing has become linked to the communications network; when a PC is purchased, it’s assumed that the PC will have high-speed internet connectivity. At work, at home, in a hotel, at school or in a coffee shop, the networked laptop has become our ‘virtual office’ where we file our information and interact with others. The broad accessibility and rapid pace of innovation in hardware, networks, software and services has catalyzed a virtuous cycle whose pace isn’t slowing. There has never been a more exciting time to be a developer or a user of technology.

Our products have embraced the internet in many amazing ways. We’ve transformed the desktop into a rich platform for interactive internet browsing, media and communications-centric applications. We’ve transformed Windows into best-of-breed infrastructure for internet applications and services. We’ve created, in .NET, the most popular development platform in the world. We’ve got amazing products in Office and our other IW offerings, having fully embraced standards such as XML, HTML, RSS and SIP. Our MSN team has demonstrated great innovation and has held its own in a highly competitive and rapidly changing environment – particularly with Spaces and in growing a base of 180M active Messenger users worldwide. The Xbox team has also built a huge user community and has demonstrated that internet-based “Live” interaction is a high-value, strong differentiator.

But for all our great progress, our efforts have not always led to the degree that perhaps they could have. We should’ve been leaders with all our web properties in harnessing the potential of AJAX, following our pioneering work in OWA. We knew search would be important, but through Google’s focus they’ve gained a tremendously strong position. RSS is the internet’s answer to the notification scenarios we’ve discussed and worked on for some time, and is filling a role as ‘the UNIX pipe of the internet’ as people use it to connect data and systems in unanticipated ways. For all its tremendous innovation and its embracing of HTML and XML, Office is not yet the source of key web data formats – surely not to the level of PDF. While we’ve led with great capabilities in Messenger & Communicator, it was Skype, not us, who made VoIP broadly popular and created a new category. We have long understood the importance of mobile messaging scenarios and have made significant investment in device software, yet only now are we surpassing the Blackberry.

And while we continue to make good progress on these many fronts, a set of very strong and determined competitors is laser-focused on internet services and service-enabled software. Google is obviously the most visible here, although given the hype level it is difficult to ascertain which of their myriad initiatives are simply adjuncts intended to drive scale for their advertising business, or which might ultimately grow to substantively challenge our offerings. Although Yahoo also has significant communications assets that combine software and services, they are more of a media company and – with the notable exception of their advertising platform – they seem to be utilizing their platform capabilities largely as an internal asset. The same is true of Apple, which has done an enviable job integrating hardware, software and services into a seamless experience with dotMac, iPod and iTunes, but seems less focused on enabling developers to build substantial products and businesses.

Even beyond our large competitors, tremendous software-and-services activity is occurring within startups and at the grassroots level. Only a few years ago I’d have pointed to the Weblog and the Wiki as significant emerging trends; by now they’re mainstream and have moved into the enterprise. Flickr and others have done innovative work around community sharing and tagging based on simple data formats and metadata. GoToMyPC and GoToMeeting are very popular low-end solutions to remote PC access and online meetings. A number of startups have built interesting solutions for cross-device file and remote media access. VoIP seems on the verge of exploding – not just in Skype, but also as indicated by things such as the Asterisk soft-PBX. Innovations abound from small developers – from RAD frameworks to lightweight project management services and solutions.

Many startups treat the ‘raw’ internet as their platform. At the grassroots level, such projects actively use standards such as vCards and iCal for sharing contacts and calendars. Most all use RSS in one way or another for data sharing. Remixing and mashing of multiple web applications using XML, REST and WS is common; interesting mash-ups range from combining maps with apartment listings, to others that place RSS feeds on top of systems and data not originally intended for remixing. Developers needing tools and libraries to do their work just search the internet, download, develop & integrate, deploy, refine. Speed, simplicity and loose coupling are paramount.

And the work of these startups could be improved with a ‘services platform’. Ironically, the same things that enable and catalyze rapid innovation can also be constraints to their success. Many hard problems are often ignored – the most significant of which is achieving scale. Some scale issues are technological and result from the fact that they are generally built on application server platforms rather than high-scale service platforms. But new services also need to build user communities from scratch – generally by word of mouth. Many fund their sites using syndicated ads, but have a difficult time transforming their services into higher levels of commerce. Some seek to incorporate client software into their user experience, but then need to reinvent software deployment, update, communications and synchronization mechanisms. User identity and cross-service interoperability mechanisms are still needlessly fragmented. Intuitively there seems to be a platform opportunity in providing such capabilities to developers in a form that retains the speed, simplicity and loose coupling that is so very important for rapid innovation.
Key Tenets

Today there are three key tenets that are driving fundamental shifts in the landscape – all of which are related in some way to services. It’s key to embrace these tenets within the context of our products and services.

1. The power of the advertising-supported economic model.

Online advertising has emerged as a significant new means by which to directly and indirectly fund the creation and delivery of software and services. In some cases, it may be possible for one to obtain more revenue through the advertising model than through a traditional licensing model. Only in its earliest stages, no one yet knows the limits of what categories of hardware, software and services, in what markets, will ultimately be funded through this model. And no one yet knows how much of the world’s online advertising revenues should or will flow to large software and service providers, medium sized or tail providers, or even users themselves.

2. The effectiveness of a new delivery and adoption model.

A grassroots technology adoption pattern has emerged on the internet largely in parallel to the classic methods of selling software to the enterprise. Products are now discovered through a combination of blogs, search keyword-based advertising, online product marketing and word-of-mouth. It’s now expected that anything discovered can be sampled and experienced through self-service exploration and download. This is true not just for consumer products: even enterprise products now more often than not enter an organization through the internet-based research and trial of a business unit that understands a product’s value.

Limited trial use, ad-monetized or free reduced-function use, subscription-based use, on-line activation, digital license management, automatic update, and other such concepts are now entering the vocabulary of any developer building products that wish to successfully utilize the web as a channel. Products must now embrace a “discover, learn, try, buy, recommend” cycle – sometimes with one of those phases being free, another ad-supported, and yet another being subscription-based. Grassroots adoption requires an end-to-end perspective related to product design. Products must be easily understood by the user upon trial, and useful out-of-the-box with little or no configuration or administrative intervention.

But enabling grassroots adoption is not just a product design issue. Today’s web is fundamentally a self-service environment, and it is critical to design websites and product ‘landing pages’ with sophisticated closed-loop measurement and feedback systems. Even startups use such techniques in conjunction with pay-per-click advertisements. This ensures that the most effective website designs will be selected to attract discovery of products and services, help in research and learning, facilitate download, trial and purchase, and to enable individuals’ self-help and making recommendations to others. Such systems can recognize and take advantage of opportunities to up-sell and cross-sell products to individuals, workgroups and businesses, and also act as a lead generation front-end for our sales force and for our partners.

3. The demand for compelling, integrated user experiences that “just work”.

The PC has morphed into new form factors and new roles, and we increasingly have more than one in our lives – at work, at home, laptops, tablets, even in the living room. Cell phones have become ubiquitous. There are a myriad of handheld devices. Set-top boxes, PVRs and game consoles are changing what and how we watch television. Photos, music and voice communications are all rapidly going digital and being driven by software. Automobiles are on a path to become smart and connected. The emergence of the digital lifestyle that utilizes all these technologies is changing how we learn, play games, watch TV, communicate with friends and family, listen to music and share memories.

But the power of technology also brings with it a cost. For all the success of individual technologies, the array of technology in a person’s life can be daunting. Increasingly, individuals choose products and services that are highly-personalized, focused on the end-to-end experience delivered by that technology. Products must deliver a seamless experience, one in which all the technology in your life ‘just works’ and can work together, on your behalf, under your control. This means designs centered on an intentional fusion of internet-based services with software, and sometimes even hardware, to deliver meaningful experiences and solutions with a level of seamless design and use that couldn’t be achieved without such a holistic approach.
The Opportunities

These three tenets are causing a shift in the software landscape that started with consumers and is progressively working its way toward the enterprise – changing how software is monetized, how software is delivered, and what kind of software is ultimately embraced. With our presence in so many markets serving so many audiences, and with such a broad variety of products and solutions, we are well positioned to deliver seamless experiences to customers, enabled by services and service-enhanced software, including:

SEAMLESS OS – The operating system as it would be designed for today’s multi-PC, multi-device, work anywhere, web-based world. Enabling you to login using any of your service-based or enterprise identities. Deploying software automatically and as appropriate to all your devices, and roaming application data and settings. Permitting seamless access to storage across all your PCs, devices, servers and the web.

SEAMLESS COMMUNICATIONS – Communications and notifications – from voice to typing to shared screen; from PC to service-based agent to phone. Maintaining continuous co-presence with intimate friends and family; improving the coordination amongst individuals who need to work together by reducing latency and adding clarity through shared context.

SEAMLESS PRODUCTIVITY – Enabling you to create, find and organize documents and data among all the desktops, devices, servers and services to which you have access, and with all the others with whom you need to work, through ‘shared space’ products that are internet service-based, enterprise server-based and directly peer-to-peer. Working within and across homes, small businesses, virtual workgroups and enterprises.

SEAMLESS ENTERTAINMENT – Enabling you to create, store, organize, present, consume and interact with media of all kinds; accessing, caching and viewing it anywhere you like regardless of where the media resides. Gaming experiences that bring two or two million people together across PCs, devices and the web.

SEAMLESS MARKETPLACE – Enabling you to research, find, buy and sell whatever you want through a seamlessly integrated purchase, billing & payment & points, advertising & lead generation & sales management system designed to satisfy the needs of both buyers and sellers.

SEAMLESS SOLUTIONS – Enabling workgroups and businesses to rapidly create and customize any of a broad class of template-driven, semi-structured data-based applications and solutions that “just work” and provide instant value – whether using them from the web, from enterprise servers, or from mobile client PCs.

SEAMLESS IT – Enabling enterprises to seamlessly and cost-effectively manage many of the things they’ve classically done within their data centers – e.g. PCs, messaging, content and applications. The management experience might be wholly within the cloud, or with the cloud seamlessly integrating enterprise server assist.
Moving Forward

In order to adapt to the requirements underlying these key tenets, groups must reflect upon their existing plans, and assess their designs in the context of the end-to-end experiences they need deliver in order to understand how services might make a substantive impact. Groups should consider how new delivery and adoption models might impact plans, and whether embracing new advertising-supported revenue models might be market-relevant.

In assessing where we are and where we need to be, some new efforts will surely require incubation. But in many areas we have 80% of the product and technical infrastructure already built – we just need to close the 20% gap. Following are but a few thoughts for each division intended to catalyze a “services-enhanced software” mindset.

Platform Products & Services Division

a. BASE vs. ADDITIVE EXPERIENCES – In MSN, and in Windows Update and software deployed by it, we have quite a bit of experience with methods and practices for getting innovations to market on a rapid cycle. In the form of a newly combined division, we should consider many options as to how we might bring user experience innovations and enhancements to users worldwide. Specifically, we should consider the achievability, desirability, and methods of increasing the tempo for both ‘base’ OS experiences as well as ‘additive’ experiences that might be delivered on a more rapid tempo. In doing so, we would better serve a broad range of highly-influential early adopters.

b. SERVICES PLATFORM – Through years of experience, the MSN team understands the methods and practices of building ‘internet scale’ services. The Platform team understands developers and has deep experience in communications and storage architectures. These teams must work together, benefiting from each others’ strengths, to develop a next generation internet services platform – a platform for both internal and external innovation. A platform with capabilities and an operations infrastructure that takes those services to a scale never yet seen on the internet - to our benefit, and to the benefit of our partners and customers.

c. SERVICE/SERVER SYNERGY – A tension has emerged between our products designed for the enterprise and those for the internet. Exchange/Hotmail, AD/Passport, and Messenger/Communicator are but three examples. All our enterprise clients and servers must interoperate with and complement our internet services. Our functional aspirations are generally “server/service symmetry”, but architectural considerations dictate that different implementations may be required to economically reach internet scale. We must quickly find the best path to achieve seamless user, developer, and administration experiences involving servers and services.

d. LIGHTWEIGHT DEVELOPMENT – The rapid growth of application assembly using things such as REST, JavaScript and PHP suggests that many developers gravitate toward very rapid, lightweight ways to create and compose solutions. We have always appreciated the need for lightweight development by power users in the form of products such as Access and SharePoint. We should revisit whether we’re adequately serving the lightweight model of development and solution composition for all classes of development.

e. RESPONSIBLE COMPETITION – We will compete energetically but also responsibly and with recognition of our high legal responsibilities. We will design and license Windows and our internet-based services as separate products, so customers can choose Windows with or without Microsoft’s services. We’ll design and license Windows and our services on terms that provide third parties with the same ability to benefit from the Windows platform that Microsoft’s services enjoy. Our services innovations will include tight integration with the Windows client via documented interfaces, so that competing services can plug into Windows in the same manner as Microsoft’s services. We will compete hard and responsibly in services on the basis of software innovation and price – and on that basis we will offer consumers and businesses the best value in the market.

Business Division

a. CONNECTED OFFICE - How would we extend or re-conceptualize Office modules to fit in this seamless model of connectedness to others, and to other applications? Should PowerPoint directly ‘broadcast to the web’, or let the audience take notes and respond? How should we increase the role of Office Online as the portal for productivity? What should we do to bring Office’s classic COM-based publish-and-subscribe capabilities to a world where RSS and XML have become the de facto publish-and-subscribe mechanisms?

b. TELECOM TRANSFORMATION - How should our investments in RTC evolve to serve not just the enterprise, but also fully embrace the concept of grassroots adoption? How can RTC begin as an individual phenomenon, growing into a small business offering with a level of function that they’d never imagine possible, growing into the enterprise? How should we utilize service-based federation and hosting to ensure a ‘just works’ experience for all users, whether or not an administrator was ever involved?

c. RAPID SOLUTIONS - How can we utilize our extant products and our knowledge of the broad historical adoption of forms-based applications to jump-start an effort that could dramatically surpass offerings from Quickbase to Salesforce.com? How could we build it to scale to hundreds of millions of users at an unimaginably low cost that would change the game? How could we re-shape our client-side software offerings such as Access and Groove, and our server offerings such as SharePoint, to grow and thrive in the presence of such a service? Could these rapid solutions encourage a new ISV ecosystem and business model?

Entertainment & Devices Division

a. CONNECTED ENTERTAINMENT - How can XBox Live benefit from interconnection with other services assets, such as PC-based and mobile-based IM and VoIP? How might both the PC and XBox mutually benefit from a common marketplace? Might PC users act as spectators/participants in XBox games, and vice-versa?

b. GRASSROOTS MOBILE SERVICES – How might the Windows Mobile device experience be transformed by for consumers by connection to a services infrastructure – in particular one enabled by RTC-based unified communications? How might unmediated connection to a rich services infrastructure transform mobile phones into a mass market messaging, media and commerce phenomenon?

c. DEVICE/SERVICE FUSION – What new devices might emerge if we envision hardware/software/service fusion? What new kinds of devices might be enabled by the presence of a service?
What’s Different?

One perspective on this memo might be to say “This is in many ways is pretty close to what we’re already working on. What’s the big deal?” Or “We tried something similar years ago; why will we succeed this time?” These are understandable reactions. Many visions of the future going all the way back to “Information at Your Fingertips” contain elements of what has been laid out here.

That said, I have a number of reasons for optimism that we can deliver well on this vision. First, I know that Bill, Steve and the senior leadership team understand that Microsoft’s execution effectiveness will be improved by eliminating obstacles to developing and shipping products. The recent reorganization into three divisions is a significant step, and the division presidents are committed to changes to improve our agility.

Second, we are just now completing a wave of innovation that has never been seen in this company. 2006 is going to be an amazing year for shipping products, and many across the company will be ready to take on a new mission.

Third, regardless of past aspirations, this is the right time to be focusing on services for two specific reasons: the increasing ubiquity of broadband has made it viable, and the proven economics of the advertising model has made it profitable. It can be argued, for example, whether or not Hailstorm was the ‘right’ undertaking. But regardless, the effort would certainly have benefited from having a known-viable services business model for which to design.

Finally, I believe at this juncture it’s generally very clear to each of us why we need to transform – the competitors, the challenges, and the opportunities. As an outsider, I was repeatedly impressed and awed over the years by how this company’s talent has swarmed to effectively respond to huge business challenges and transitions.

That said, even when we’ve been solidly in pursuit of a common vision, our end-to-end execution of key scenarios has often been uneven – in large part because of the complexity of doing such substantial undertakings. In any large project, the sheer number of moving parts sometimes naturally causes compartmentalization of decisions and execution. Some groups might lose sight of how their piece fits in, or worse, might develop features without a clear understanding of how they’ll be used. In some cases by the time the vision is delivered, the pieces might not quite fit into the originally-envisioned coherent whole. We cannot allow the seams in our organization, or our methods of making decisions, show through in our products, or result in the failure to deliver on key end-to-end experiences.

Complexity kills. It sucks the life out of developers, it makes products difficult to plan, build and test, it introduces security challenges, and it causes end-user and administrator frustration. Moving forward, within all parts of the organization, each of us should ask “What’s different?”, and explore and embrace techniques to reduce complexity.

Some problems are inherently complex; there is surely no silver bullet to reducing complexity in extant systems. But when tackling new problems, I’ve found it useful to dip into a toolbox of simplification approaches and methods. One such tool is the use of extensive end-to-end scenario-based design and implementation. Another is that of utilizing loosely-coupled design of systems by introducing constraints at key junctures – using standards as a tool to force quick agreement on interfaces. Many such tools are not rocket science: for example, by forcing a change in practices to increase the frequency of release cycles, scope and complexity of any given release by necessity is greatly reduced. Another simple tool I’ve used involves attracting developers to use common physical workspaces to naturally catalyze ad hoc face-time between those who need to coordinate, rather than relying solely upon meetings and streams of email and document reviews for such interaction. Embracing change at a local level through such tools can make a real difference – one project at a time.
Next Steps

We’re off to a great start with many initiatives already under way – from efforts occurring now within MSN, to the IW services being launched imminently. We’re in a tremendous position to succeed, but doing so will require your belief, creativity, support, leadership, follower-ship and action.

This memo was intended to get all of us roughly on the same page, and to get you thinking. The next steps are:

1) I am working with the division presidents to assign, by December 15th, “scenario owners” – a role intended to improve our execution of key services-based initiatives through leadership. These leaders will provide an outside-in perspective in mapping out and communicating specific market objectives, while at the same time working with developers and others at the detail level to ensure expedient decision making and continuity. These individuals will be responsible for driving critical decisions such as feature re-prioritization and cuts while appreciating the business tradeoffs and impact of such decisions. They’ll listen. They’ll rapidly effect changes in plans to ensure execution and improve agility, even for scenarios that span divisions. Initial scenarios to be assigned ownership will include the seven seamless experiences described earlier.

2) Beginning in January these individuals will work with me and with product groups to concretely map out scenarios and pragmatically assess changes needed in product and go-to-market plans related to services and service-based scenarios. For some groups this will impact short-term plans; for many others on path to shipping soon, it will factor significantly into planning for future releases.

3) All Business Groups have been asked to develop their plans to embrace this mission and create new service offerings that deliver value to customers and utilize the platform capabilities that we have today and are building for the future. We expect both technical and non-technical communities to be increasingly engaged on the topic of services and service-enhanced software. As we begin planning the next waves of innovation – such as those beyond Vista and Office “12” – we will mobilize execution around those plans.

4) I have created an internal blog that will be used to notify you of further plans as they emerge. There, I’ll point you to libraries of documents that you will find interesting to read, and I’ll be experimenting with ways that you can directly engage in the conversation.

http://blogs/live

These steps are important and necessary, but not sufficient, for us to deliver on our aspirations. The most important step is for each of us to internalize the transformative and disruptive potential of services. We must then focus on the need for agility in execution, and take actions as appropriate where each of us can.

The opportunities to deliver greater value to our customers, to our developer and partner communities, and to our shareholders are significant. I very much look forward to embarking on this journey with all of you.

-- Ray

The 46 Best-ever Freeware Utilities

The 46 Best-ever Freeware Utilities
http://www.techsupportalert.com/best_46_free_utilities.htm

There are a lot of great freeware products out there. Many are as good or even better than their commercial alternatives. This list features my personal pick of the "best of the best."

All these utilities in this list have been featured in past issues of of my free monthly newsletter "Support Alert" More freebies are featured in every new issue. If you are interested in great utilities and freeware you really should consider subscribing. It's free.

You'll get the most from this list by browsing through it at leisure. The pathologically impatient can consult the index.

This page is updated regularly. Last update: September 27, 2005.
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The Best-ever Freeware List

1 Best Free Web Browser
Internet Explorer is a good browser but it has become such a target for malicious exploits that it is now a major security risk. Quite separately, the browser itself is now looking dated with most alternative products offering tabbed browsing and other productivity enhancements. There are several excellent alternatives but Mozilla Firefox is the stand-out pick. It's safer than Internet Explorer, so safe in fact that many users have reported no spyware infections since they started using the product. It's also browses faster than Internet Explorer and since the release of version 1.0, it's stable and reliable as well. It loads a little slower than IE but once running, it zips along at lightning speed. With tabbed browsing and more free extensions than you could ever want, it offers a major upgrade in your browsing experience. Unlike IE, it's also standards compliant. Firefox is now my everyday browser though occasionally I have to fire up IE to browse a site designed around IE's non-standard features. (4.7MB) http://www.mozilla.org/products/firefox/
http://www.techsupportalert.com/firefox.htm <= Free Firefox migration guide

2 Best Free Anti-Virus Software Updated September 27, 2005
There are two equal recommendations in this category. First there is AVG Antivirus 7.0 Free Edition. This product [1] has been continuously refined since it was first released in 1991 and now offers very impressive protection capabilities. Additionally, it's relatively small, light on resources, has regular automatic updates and handles email scanning. There is a free and a pro version, the only difference being that the free version has a few non-critical features disabled and has no direct technical support. Even so, it's an impressive package and offers the financially challenged a real alternative to the major anti-virus suites. Equally impressive is the free Avast! scanner [2] though its funky media player style interface is not to everyone's taste. Avast! also required periodic re-registration while AVG does not. A possible third option is AntiVir [3]. It offers slightly better detection rates than either AVG or Avast! but the lack of email scanning precludes general recommendation. However it's the perfect choice as a second on-demand scanner. If you use it in this role, make sure you disable its resident virus guard during installation to prevent it interfering with your main AV scanner.
[1] http://free.grisoft.com
[2] http://www.avast.com (5MB)
[3] http://www.free-av.com (6.8MB)
[4] http://www.techsupportalert.com/free-vs-paid-av.htm <= review of the effectiveness of free security software

3 Best Free Adware/Spyware/Scumware Remover Updated August 23, 2005
My top recommendation is Microsoft's Antispyware program [1] which is currently available as a free beta to users of Windows 2000 and later. The Microsoft program is based on the Giant Antispyware product that Microsoft purchased late in 2004. I used Giant for some time and found it to offer outstanding detection and real time protection against the current plague of scumware products. The only minus being that it uses a fair slab of processing power and that could can slow down older PCs. The free Microsoft version is very similar to the previous commercial Giant version. I just hope Microsoft doesn't mess around too much with this excellent product however Microsoft's track record in this area has not been good. It's something I'll be keeping a close eye on; so far, so good. Microsoft has announced that the product will remain free even when out of beta so, subject to my previous reservations, it's a good long term choice. For Windows 9x and ME users I suggest two free products: Ad-Aware SE V1.6 [2] and SpyBot Search and Destroy V1.4 [3]. Both work well together and between them you'll get excellent protection. If you have a relatively fast PC, I suggest you turn on the TeaTimer option when you install SpyBot. It will give you reasonable active protection but at the cost of eating up some of your processing power. The active protection offered by TeaTimer is not as comprehensive as the Microsoft product but Internet Explorer users can augment it by using SpywareBlaster (see next item)
[1] http://www.microsoft.com/athome/security/spyware/software/default.mspx ( 6.4MB)
[2] http://www.lavasoftusa.com/software/adaware/ (1.7MB)
[3] http://www.safer-networking.org/en/index.html (4.6MB)

4 Best Free Browser Protection Utility
There's a scumware plague at the moment. All it takes is a visit to a pushy web site or a loaded shareware install and next minute your Internet Explorer homepage has been changed, your default search setting altered, unwanted ads pop up on your screen and worse. You can help protect Internet Explorer against these attacks by using SpywareBlaster [1]. It's is not a system scanner rather it is monitor that's designed to prevent an initial infection. It provides active protection for Internet Explorer users against thousands of malevolent products that use ActiveX based exploits and offers defenses against hostile sites and unwanted cookies as well. SpywareBlaster can be used with Firefox but there's not much point as Firefox doesn't need to be protected against ActiveX exploits. SpywareBlaster is free but the automatic update service costs $9.95 annually. A companion program to SpywareBlaster is SpywareGuard [2]. It is also a protective program that checks programs before they are run for malware signatures and also checks program behavior as well. However of late SpywareGuard seems to have been rather neglected with no new signature updates for more than a year so I can no longer give it my recommendation. SpywareBlaster though, is a terrific product and a must-have for Internet Explorer users who also use the free version of Ad-Aware. If you are using Microsoft Antispyware, Ad-Aware Pro or other anti-spyware utility with a real-time monitor, you don't really need it.
[1] http://www.javacoolsoftware.com/spywareblaster.html (2.2MB)
[2] http://www.javacoolsoftware.com/spywareguard.html (1.96MB)

5 Best Free Firewall Updated September 27, 2005
No other single product class seems to cause as much angst to average users in their installation and day-to-day use as Firewalls. That's why my choice for "best" goes to Kerio Personal Firewall [1], the product that seems to cause the fewest problems for users yet manages first rate protection as well. However it looks like Kerio may be discontinuing this product by the end of 2005 so hop in and get a copy while it is still available. The latest free version (V6) of the ZoneAlarm firewall [2] comes in a a good second choice though there have been considerable teething problems with the new version. Also the current ZoneAlarm free has become a true bare bones version of that company's class-leading commercial firewall. Such is life. More adventurous users and the technically inclined may however wish to consider Sygate [3]. It offers more control and more information but is not the easiest to setup and use. Sygate has recently been purchased by Symantec and that doesn't bode well for the future. The most technically advanced firewall of all is possibly the latest Tiny version. However it is so fiendishly difficult to install and setup that I can only recommend it to network specialists and masochists. Note: The free and paid versions of Kerio and Sygate are the same. If you don't buy the product some advanced features are automatically turned off after 30 days.
[1] http://www.kerio.com/kpf_home.html (7.3MB)
[2] http://www.zonelabs.com/store/content/company/products/znalm/freeDownload.jsp (9.0MB)
[3] http://smb.sygate.com/products/spf/summary_spf.htm (8.8MB)

6 Best Free Trojan Scanner/Trojan Remover Updated August 23, 2005
Ewido is the best of a new crop of anti-Trojan programs. On my recent tests over at www.anti-trojan-software-reviews.com it emerged as was one of the few products that could reliably detect polymorphic and process injecting Trojans that were totally missed by anti-virus products like Norton and AVG. Unfortunately the free version of Ewido doesn’t have a memory monitor and this omission significantly reduces the level of active protection provided. However the on-demand scanner is excellent. I recommend that all average PC users who don't have an anti-trojan scanner download Ewido and scan their PCs weekly. I suspect you may be surprised at what you will find. Ewido is also pretty good at removing some spyware infections so bear that in mind next time you encounter a spyware product you can't remove with normal anti-spyware products like Ad-Aware. Note that Ewido only works with Windows 2000 and later so Win 9X users should consider the free version of a2 (a-squared) anti-trojan as an alternative. It's not quite as effective as Ewido but is still an excellent product. High risk PC users such as P2P file sharers and frequenters of hack sites, should however consider the industrial strength protection of Trojan Hunter or the full version of Ewido both of which offer the active protection they need. Note: The free version of Ewido is actually the same as the paid version but after 14 days the active protection (i.e. memory monitor) becomes non-functional.
http://www.ewido.net/en/ (2.2MB)
http://www.anti-trojan-software-reviews.com/review-ewido.htm <= review of Ewido

7 Best Free Rootkit Scanner/Remover Updated September 27, 2005
Rootkits are a special kind of software tool used to hide trojans, viruses and other malware from your anti-virus scanner and other security products. Unfortunately there are extremely effective which means that some of you reading this will be infected even though you believe your PC to be totally clean. Thankfully there is a new class of security product now available called rootkit detectors that use specialized techniques to detect these dangerous intruders. Most of these detectors require quite a bit of technical skill to interpret the results but one of the simplest to use and most effective is also free. It's called BlackLight [1] and is currently available as a free beta from F-Secure until the 1st of January 2006. I suggest everyone download this product and scan their PC. The chances of you being infected are small but for five minutes work it's not worth taking the risk. BlackLight will detect most rootkits missed by AV scanners but can still be fooled by state-of-the-art rootkits like Hacker Defender. To detect this and a few other insidious rootkits, you need heavier artillery. Currently the biggest gun in the rootkit detection war is a free Chinese product called IceSword [2]. It will reveal absolutely everything running on your PC. Usage, however, requires considerable skill together with the patience to work out the program which is currently only documented in Chinese. In the hands of an expert, its an amazing tool.
[1] http://www.f-secure.com/blacklight/cure.shtml Windows 2000 and later, 911KB.
[2] http://www.Xfocus.net/tools/200505/1032.html slow Chinese site, 1.5MB

8 Best Free Intrusion Prevention and Detection Utility for Home Use
These days all users face a real risk of malicious programs secretly installing themselves on your computer. Anti-virus and anti-spyware products dramatically reduce the chance of infection but you can enhance your protection further by installing an additional layer of defense with an intrusion detection program. For advanced users Prevx is a stand out recommendation. It's so good I made it my Free Product of the Year for 2004. However it's talkative nature and sometimes cryptic messages make it only suitable for experienced users. For other users (but not beginners) I recommend the free version of WinPatrol. Like Prevx it provides a vital "last ditch" defense layer by telling you when a product is trying to change any of the critical settings on your PC such as the registry and auto-start areas. WinPatrol simply throws up a dialog asking whether you want to allow the change or not. Of course being warned is useless unless you have some idea how to respond to the warning. That's why neither Prevx nor WinPatrol is suited to inexperienced users. If you are a beginner you should seriously consider the $29.95 Plus version of WinPatrol which provides lots of guidance to help you make sense of any warning messages. As a bonus it offers better protection as well.
http://www.prevx.com/prevxhome.asp (7.5MB)
http://www.winpatrol.com/ (880KB)
http://www.techsupportalert.com/intrusion-detection.htm <= Brief survey of IDS software

9 Best Free Anonymous Surfing Service Updated September 27, 2005.
There are lots of reasons folks have for wanting to surf anonymously, ranging from simple paranoia to possibly being murdered by a malevolent foreign government. Whatever the reasons, commercial services that offer anonymity are doing real well. However one of the best services JAP, is totally free. In fact JAP is perhaps a little too good. That's why the German Police insisted in 2004 that a backdoor be put into the product to allow interception of child pornographers. This was done but subsequently removed as a result of court action by JAP. An alternative to JAP is another system called Tor. It not only allows anonymous browsing but anonymous email, IM, and IRC chat as well. Given the US Navy origin of Tor, the suspicion arises that this system may indeed have a permanent backdoor. However the source code is now publicly available so that suspicion can now be set aside. Whatever, both JAP and Tor offer a level of secrecy that is better than many commercial systems. However expect your surfing to slow down as you'll be relayed through a chain of servers. You'll also need to change your browser settings to work through a proxy. Note: the latest V5 release of JAP now allows Tor users to use JAP as a software access point.
http://anon.inf.tu-dresden.de/index_en.html
http://tor.eff.org/

10 Best Free Software Suite Updated August 23, 2005.
The Open CD site offers for free a wonderful collection of just about every application software product you need to run a PC including the latest version of OpenOffice. Many of these freebies substitute admirably for expensive commercial products. There is Abi Word as an alternative for MS Word, OpenOffice for MS Office XP, Thunderbird for Outlook, The Gimp for Adobe Photoshop, 7-zip for WinZip and many more. If you then add to this collection some of the other utilities from my "46 Best-ever Utilities" collection you will have all the software you'll ever need without spending a cent. Note: All of the Open CD utilities can be downloaded for free as a CD ISO image. If you have a slow connection you can purchase the CD for a as little as $1.99. In addition to the Windows versions, the CD also contains the same collection of programs implemented under a version of Linux called Ubuntu that can be booted and run directly from the CD. That way you not only get to try all these great programs you can try Linux as well, without interfering in any way with your current Windows installation.
http://theopencd.org


(Sponsored Links)

The Best Windows Backup Software
We are in the process of updating all the backup reviews at our site but I can tell you right now that the top product has blitzed the field for a second year in row. In fact, it's improved so much that it's now a one horse race for our "editor's choice." The updated review of the top product is now online. If you have been looking for a backup program, this is the one.
http://www.backup-software-reviews.com/

The Best Spyware Detector
If you use Ad-Aware or SpyBot you will be surprised just how more effectively SpySweeper detects and protects your PC from Adware, Spyware, Trojans and other malicious products. That's why it won the prized "Editor's Choice" award in PC Magazine's massive March 2004 survey of anti-Spyware products. Try the free evaluation copy and see for yourself.
http://www.webroot.com/wb/products/spysweeper/index.php?rc=1132

The Best Remote Access Software
Our reviewer had given this product category away as "too slow, tool clumsy and too unreliable" but after reviewing this product he's changed his mind; "at long last a remote access solution that actually works! Quite frankly we agree with him, it's an impressive product. Read the full review here:
http://www.pcsupportadvisor.com/best_remote_access_software.htm

The Best Spam Blocker for Dummies
Most spam filters require you to be a computer expert. Our Editor has found two spam filters for average users that will remove the spam from your email and yet are simple to use.
http://www.techsupportalert.com/best-antispam.htm

The Best Anti-trojan Scanner
Most users are not aware that their anti-virus scanner can only provide a moderate level of protection against trojan programs that try and take control of your PC. To really protect your computer, you need a dedicated anti-trojan program. Our editor's have reviewed every major product on the market and have concluded that two scanners stand head and shoulders above the other contenders.
http://www.anti-trojan-software-reviews.com


11 Best Free File Manager
Windows Explorer is fine for simple file management activities but when you have some serious work to do, you need a two pane file manager. I use Directory Opus which is without doubt the best product in this class but costs $59. Recently I discovered xplorer². It offers a good part of the functionality of Directory Opus and is totally free. As a bonus, its user interface is very similar to Windows Explorer, so most users will find this tool easy to learn and use.(575KB)
http://www.netez.com/xplorer2/x2lite.htm

12 Best Free Email Client
Thunderbird is a free open source POP and IMAP email client developed by Mozilla.org, the same folks who brought you Firefox. Feature-wise it sits somewhere between Outlook Express and Outlook which means that it offers an upgrade to Express users and a downgrade to those who use the more advanced PIM features of Outlook. All Outlook Express users should seriously consider switching. You’ll be rewarded with a more advanced product including built- in spam filtering, built-in RSS reader, better security, message color coding, fast email search and the ability to view your mail in conversational threads. On top of that, the product is more secure than OE and, unlike the latter, is still being actively developed. The transition is made easier by the fact that Thunderbird looks and works similar to OE. Tools within Thunderbird also allow you to easily import OE account settings and stored email. Outlook users who aren’t reliant on calendaring, Microsoft Exchange or Outlook plug-ins should also consider switching. If you switch to Thunderbird, you should also consider using the free Copernic Desktop Search program, the latest version of which now indexes Thunderbird email files.
http://www.mozilla.org/products/thunderbird
http://www.nidelven-it.no/articles/introduction_to_thunderbird

13 Best Free Web Mail Accessory
Two suggestions: the first is a nifty free product called YPOPs! (formerly YahooPops!) that allows you to collect your Yahoo webmail from within your POP email client such as Outlook, Thunderbird or Eudora. I use it on multiple Yahoo accounts and it works wonderfully. The second suggestion is an Open Source utility called MrPostman. It's a much more flexible product than YPOPs! and will download HotMail, Lycos, Yahoo and several other webmail services into your POP email client. It can also give you access to email accounts on MS Exchange 5.5. If you only use Yahoo webmail, go with YPOPs! as MrPostman is a more complex program and can need a bit of fiddling to work correctly. You'll find a couple of links below that will help you. Note that MrPostman requires the Java Runtime Environment to be installed on your PC.
http://yahoopops.sourceforge.net/ (1.3MB)
http://mrpostman.sourceforge.net/ (1.5MB)
http://2mod2.com/mohot/ <= Installing Mr Postman
http://sourceforge.net/forum/?group_id=68124 <= MrPostman forum

14 Best Free Clipboard Replacement Utility New! Added August 23, 2005
The regular clipboard in Windows has limitations – one item at a time and no retention after logging off. Clipboard replacement utilities provide the ability to hold multiple items and store them for future use, even after logging off. There are many free clipboard replacement utilities available, including CLCL,
Clipboard Magic, Clipboard Recorder, Clippy 2001, Ditto, DzSoft Paste & Save, and Yankee Clipper III. While none of these have the very extensive set of features of the class-leading shareware product ClipMate 6 ($29.95), they all offer the basic clipboard replacement features that 95% of us really want and
need. If you just need a basic clipboard replacement utility, look no further than Clipboard Recorder [1]. It will store up to 99 items that can be easily selected and pasted from the popup history list by pressing the shortcut key (Ctrl-Alt-V by default). It supports a variety of formats (text, RTF, HTML, CSV, Bitmap, etc.) and has the ability to transfer copied items between computers. In addition, it is a very small program and uses very little resources. Clipboard Recorder is what the regular clipboard in Windows should have been! However, if you need advanced features such as the ability to support additional item types, create groups of items, search previous items, and synchronize clipboards across multiple computers, then I would recommend trying Ditto [2]. In addition to its extended feature set, its user interface is very clean, easy to use, and has many configurable options that you can configure to meet your needs. Note that Ditto requires DAO to be installed [3].
[1] http://www.lw-works.com/ Windows 98 and later, 382 KB
[2] http://ditto-cp.sourceforge.net/ Windows 95 and later, 422KB
[3] http://ditto-cp.sourceforge.net/dao_setup.exe .3MB

15 Best Free HTML Editor New! Added August 23, 2005
This is one of my most requested items but up until now I've not been able to give any product my hearty endorsement. There have been any number of contenders: Amaya for example, impressed with its standards compliance but was incomplete while Selida looked slick but had too many bugs. Finally a worthy contender has arrived on the scene in the form of the Open Source Nvu. In reality Nvu is nothing new but rather a reworking of the old Netscape Composer. Composer was always a solid product and the revamp has lifted the product into another class. Here is an HTML editor and site manager that's easy enough for beginners to use but powerful enough to build large sites. It's closer in concept to Microsoft's FrontPage more than any other product but unlike FrontPage it, thankfully, produces standards compliant code. Its easy-to-use WYSIWYG editor will delight HTML newbies while HTML honchos can simply click a tab to switch to code view. Multiple tabs can be kept open to allow simultaneous editing and there is excellent support for forms, tables and templates. An internal spell-checker is included. CSS is handled through the CaScadeS editor from Mozilla Composer. Nvu also has the handy ability to call W3C's HTML validator from within the product. It's also extensible via XUL. Nvu can upload files to your site via FTP and has some basic site management features but this is not its strength. Overall it's an impressive product; no, it's not a replacement for DreamWeaver but those looking for a competent, free HTML editor that's easy to use need look no further. Free Open Source, Windows 98 and later plus Linux, 6.57MB
http://www.nvu.com/

16 Best Free Spam Filter for the Average User
This is a difficult category as ordinary users need products that are easy to use and frankly, most free spam filters are way too complex to set up and use. The best products in this class are in fact, shareware not free. That said, MailWasher is for most folks, the best free option. MailWasher is an email preview utility that allows you to check your email on your mail server before you download it to your PC. The advantage of this approach is that you can kill unwanted messages including spam, viruses and large attachments before they get anywhere near your computer. MailWasher flags for you any messages containing possible spam and viruses for you to quickly check. It's a simple idea but quite effective and one which average users find easy to understand. The last free version of MailWasher [2] before it went commercial is still floating around the web. It lacks many of the advanced spam detection features of the current commercial version but is still quite effective. Alternatively, try XTerminator [3] which works much the same way as MailWasher and is totally free. I must say though, I prefer MailWasher's user interface
[1] http://www.mailwasher.net ( 3.05MB)
[2] http://www.321download.com/LastFreeware/page2.html#Mailwasher (1.57MB)
[3] http://www.artplus.hr/adapps/eng/xterminator.htm (1.87MB)
[4] http://www.techsupportalert.com/best-antispam.htm <=brief review of the best spam blockers

17 Best Free Spam Filter for Experienced Users
There are many different spam filters available employing lots of different techniques. In my experience "learning" spam filters that use the Bayesian statistical approach out-perform most other types of filters I've tried. Not only are they better at detecting spam they are also less liable to classify your real mail as spam. This effectiveness takes a little time to develop as the filter has to be trained to recognize your spam from your normal mail. It takes a week or so before results start becoming accurate and best results may take a month or more. POPFile, a free, open source spam filter, was one of the first Bayesian filters and is still one of the best. It works as a proxy mail server so that means that it can be used with any POP email client. Setup is reasonably straightforward for experienced users but beginners may be better off with Mailwasher. If you use Outlook there are several excellent free Bayesian spam filters available including SpamBayes and K9. Both are simple to install though, like all statistical filters, they need to go through a training phase before they reach full effectiveness.
http://popfile.sourceforge.net/old_index.html (4.3MB)
http://spambayes.sourceforge.net/ (3.6MB)
http://www.keir.net/k9.html (113KB)

18 Best Free Popup Stopper
The need for popup stopper utilities has fallen away in recent months as many browsers such as Firefox now have this function built in. If you need a separate popup stopper and have good PC skills I suggest you try The Proxomitron.. It operates by filtering and transforming all your Web pages on the fly. As a result you can not only stop pop-ups but pop-unders, ads, flash animations, status bar scrollers and just about anything else. Besides, next time you are asked what pop-up stopper you use, you can answer; "why, I use The Proxomitron" and how cool is that. The first link below is to version 4.5, the last and final version of this superb utility. The following two links offer useful setup and usage tips. Note: For Novice PC users I suggest you try the Google toolbar rather than The Proxomitron. It's free as well and has an excellent popup filter built in. It's nowhere near as flexible as as The Proxomitron, but it requires no setup. As a bonus it also makes Google searches easier.
http://computercops.biz/files/ProxN45.exe
http://accs-net.com/smallfish/prox.htm
http://www.sankey.ws/proxomitron.html
http://toolbar.google.com/

19 Best Free Desktop Search Utility Updated September 27, 2005
In early 2004 there were no contenders for this title. Today we have a wealth of choices. In a close race I would have to say the Free Desktop Search from Yahoo comes out in front because of the clear way it presents search results. It's powered by the well established X1 local search engine and can index the contents of 200 different file types including Word, Excel, PowerPoint, PDF, Outlook, Outlook Express, HTML, text, ZIP and Adobe PhotoShop though at the moment it will only handle email files from Outlook, Outlook Express and Thunderbird. It will index html files but can't index your web browsing history. If the later is important to you, you may want to look at Version 2 of Google desktop search. It not only will search your web history but offers an Outlook toolbar, integrated Gmail search and a novel desktop sidebar that allows personalized search, news, weather, photos and more. The Sidebar also includes a quite effective application launcher. Some folks love the Sidebar others, me included, find it intrusive. Unfortunately though, to run either the Yahoo or Google DTS you'll need Windows 2000 or later. If you are stuck with earlier version of Windows then try the free Copernic Desktop Search. It offers many of the key features as the others though the presentation of search results is not quite as elegant as Yahoo DTS.
http://desktop.yahoo.com
http://desktop.google.com (1.4MB)
http://www.copernic.com/en/products/desktop-search/download.html (2.3MB)

20 Best Free Digital Image Viewer Updated August 3, 2005
Two good choices here. First there's the classic IrfanView. Irfan is a first class product but one for which I have mixed feelings. That's why it's been in and out of my "46 Best Freeware" list several times. It's an amazingly capable product but it just doesn't work the way I want it to. Other users though, just love it. A product I feel more comfortable with is XNView. Like Irfan it is very versatile; it can read and display nearly 400 types of graphic files and convert any of these to over 50 formats. It displays pictures very quickly and these may be viewed full screen, as slideshows or thumbnails. It's quite capable at processing images, too; you can adjust brightness, color, apply filters or effects, crop photos, re-size, convert format and more. These operations can also be carried out from a batch file, which makes it ideal for converting large digital photos to smaller sizes for the web or emailing. It supports drop and drag, has many plug-ins, is available in 44 languages and has full cross-platform support including Mac. XNView has a lot of similarities with IrfanView, so many in fact, that it comes perilously close to plagiarism. Put positively, one may say that imitation is the sincerest form of flattery however the developer of IrfanView must feel more than a little miffed. XNView is free for non-commercial use, all Windows versions plus many other platforms. The standard version for Windows is 3.3MB but I suggest you download the complete version with all plug-ins which weighs in at 6.8MB
http://perso.wanadoo.fr/pierre.g/xnview/endownloadwin32.html

21 Best Free Digital Image Editor Updated September 27, 2005
I use to recommend The Gimp but after dozens of letters from less-experienced users who couldn't manage to install it or work out the idiosyncratic user interface, I've decided to confine that recommendation to experienced users. If that's you and you patient enough to learn the product's sometimes quaint ways then you have no need to consider anything else. For other users I have two recommendations: First there is Paint.net, an amazingly sophisticated piece of work from computer science students at Washington State University. It's not quite as powerful as The Gimp but a lot easier to use and install. It's also getting better; the new V2.5 continues this product's impressive development record. It is however only for Windows 2000 and later and you'll need Microsoft's bulky .NET framework installed on your PC. My second choice is PhotoPlus 6.0 from a company called Serif. It's an impressive piece of work; again it installs easily and it's loaded with features including layer support. In fact, it looks and feels like a "lite" version of Adobe PhotoShop except that it is relatively easy to use. I say "relatively" because graphics editing is by its nature, not simple. Both Paint.net and PhotoPlus are outstanding free products. Which is the best? Easy, the answer is .... your call ;>)
http://www.gimp.org/windows/ (7.07MB)
http://www.eecs.wsu.edu/paint.net/ (5.1MB)
http://www.freeserifsoftware.com/software/PhotoPlus/default.asp (19.4MB)

22 Best Free Digital Photo Organizer
It’s rare for me to be utterly wowed by a product but this one certainly did it. When you first run Picasa it offers to scan your whole hard drive (or designated locations) for photos and videos. Scanning is surprisingly quick and when finished you’ll have all your shots neatly organized into folders on a time line basis. Now you can view you shots one at a time, in slideshow or traversing the time line. The editing features are limited compared to professional image editors yet they provide you with every function amateur photographers need including one click red eye reduction. Similarly adding labels to photos is a cinch while a simple but effective star rating system allows you to flag favorite snaps. Individual folders can also be password protected. Facilities are provided to import your images from your camera in multiple formats including RAW. You can send photos to your choice of web printing service, cut a CD, print to a local printer or share with others via your own blog or instant messaging. Simply sensational. Windows 98 or later, 300MHz Pentium with 128MB memory or better, 3.2MB.
http://www.picasa.com/

23 Best Free Notepad Replacement
There are lots of text editors and Notepad replacements. Some of these aspire to be programming editors while others try to be word processors. What I love about EditPad is that, unlike the others, it concentrates on simply being a better plain text editor and in that role, it succeeds brilliantly. It has a Notepad like interface combined with tabbed document windows and the ability to open as many documents as you like with no file size limitations. I use it every day for tasks as diverse as writing Support Alert Newsletter to examining my web log files. Some of the latter can be up to 100MB, yet EditPad handles these huge files with ease. (849KB).
http://www.editpadlite.com/editpadlite.html

24 The Best File Archiver/Zip Utility
When I last looked at archiving utilities I checked out six utilities: QuickZip, ICEOWS, IZArc, TUGZip, ZipGenius and 7-Zip. The product that impressed me the most was the Open Source program 7-Zip. It was the only product in the group that could unpack a multi-part RAR volume embedded in a ZIP archive and the only product to give a meaningful error message when an attempt was made to unpack a 256bit encrypted WinZip archive. However I was unable to recommend 7-Zip due to the lack of drop-and drag. With the release of version V4.23 on the 29th of July that feature has now been added. Also new is the ability to copy directly from one archive to another. 7-Zip still handles fewer archive types than IZArc, my former top recommendation. It only supports 7z, ZIP, CAB, RAR, ARJ, GZIP, BZIP2, Z, TAR, CPIO, RPM and DEB while IZArc can read nearly 50 archive types including media formats like ISO, BIN and IMG and can write (and convert) to 12. You couldn't go wrong with either product. 7-Zip is a little more robust while IZArc is a little more flexible. If you already use WinZip you'll find either 7-Zip or IZArc make excellent companion products. They can can read just about all the major archive formats WinZip can't, including the widely used RAR.
http://www.izarc.org/download.html Windows 9x and later, 3.1MB
http://www.7-zip.org/ Windows 9x and later, 1.05MB

25 Best Free Hotkey Utility
Hotkeycontrol XP is a free utility that allows you to define your own hotkeys so that a single key press can launch an application, insert commonly used text, change your volume, or just about anything else. Hotkeycontrol works with all versions of Windows from 98 onwards, though some features will only work with Win2K or XP. Some folks with slower PCs have reported that Hotkeycontrol can be a little slow to react. If you experience this, you might like to try PS Hot Launch VVL as an alternative. It works on all versions of Windows and is an excellent performer even on slow PCs. A third alternative is not really a hotkey utility at all but achieves the same result by using "magic words." It places a tiny text box on your screen and when you type specially assigned words into the box, they will launch a program, go to a web site or whatever. For example if you type "mail" it can launch your mail reader. Type in "46" and it can take you to the web page of the "46 Best-ever Freeware Utilities." Of course, it's up to you to define these magic words and you can have as many as you want. It all works very neatly with some really nice touches like auto-complete for your magic words which means you only have to type in two or three letters and SlickRun will complete the rest. Nice too, is an eyedropper tool that allows you to identify a program you want to "hotkey" just by clicking in its application window. There's also a built-in note jotter and a calendar date display. It requires Win 98 or later.
http://www.digital-miner.com/hkcontrol.html (0.91KB)
http://www.pssoftlab.com/pshl_info.phtml (743KB)
http://www.bayden.com/SlickRun/ (168KB)

26 Best Free Registry Cleaner
To keep the registries on my PCs in top running order I use Fix-It utilities. This is a commercial product but I must admit that Toni Helenius' Easy Cleaner performs almost as well and is totally free. As a bonus, it will also detect duplicate files and help you clean up temp files to make more disk space. Remember though, as with every Registry cleaner, to back up your Windows Registry before use. (2.64MB)
http://personal.inet.fi/business/toniarts/ecleane.htm

27 Best Free BitTorrent Client
It's amazing how quickly BitTorrent has become one of the major download formats. With good reason, too: it's fast, equitable and efficient. If you haven't yet installed a BitTorrent client on your PC, you should as there are some great free clients available. I recommend the Open Source program Azureus. It's beautifully implemented, well supported and, being Java based, is available for multiple platforms. The latest version also features a new technology called DHT (Distributed Hash Table) which distributes indexing responsibility across multiple clients rather than relying on a single web-based tracker. With BitTorrent sites coming and going regularly DHT is definitely a plus. One downside with Azureus is that the Java code will eat up your CPU cycles so you need a reasonably fast PC. Those with older machines should check out BitTornado. It's also cross platform and is fast and highly configurable as well. Both products are adware and spyware free.
http://azureus.sourceforge.net/ (6.4MB)
http://bittornado.com/ (3.3MB

28 The Best Free FTP Client
I used WS_FTP Pro as my principal FTP client for years. What started out as simple and effective product gradually with each new version became more feature-bloated and less effective for routine tasks. With the release of Version 9 it was clear to me that the product had totally lost its way so I started looking for an alternative. After trying seven different FTP clients I decided that the best for me was the Open Source utility FileZilla. It uses a simple layout based on a two pane interface that looks a bit like the early versions of WS_FTP. But this simplicity is deceptive, it is actually a quite powerful product There's a full featured site manager, firewall and proxy support, SSL and Kerberos GSS security, restart, drop and drag and a lot more. The only significant feature that's missing is site-to-site transfer but that's of no importance to me. What is of importance is that FileZilla is fast, totally reliable, secure and and very easy to use. There's also a free FileZilla FTP server which I haven't used but I hear that it's just as good as the client. (4.5MB)
http://filezilla.sourceforge.net/

29 Best Free Bookmark Cleaner
AM-DeadLink scans your bookmark file for dead links or duplicate links. When I tried it on my huge favorites file I discovered 17% of my links were dead. I've now got a much leaner set of favorites and the comfort of knowing that the links actually work. (546KB)
http://aignes.com/press/deadlink140.htm

30 Best Free Route Tracer
3D Traceroute graphically displays Internet route information. You can use it for technical tasks such as diagnosing slow connections or for general purpose snooping like determining the location and owner of a web site or tracing spammers. (996KB)
http://www.d3tr.de/

31 Best Free Screen Capture Utility
Two recommendations here: The first is PrintScreen. It does exactly what I want, in the way I want and furthermore avoids the trap of providing lots of useless and confusing features. It's the little things that count like making the hot key PrtSc so I don't have to remember it, and automatically sequentially naming the output files for multiple screen shots. A second recommendation is Screen Hunter. It's a commercial product but the free version is excellent, offering more features than Gadwin at the cost of a little added complexity. Both products work with Win 98 and later.
http://www.gadwin.com/printscreen/?prnscr (976KB)
http://www.wisdom-soft.com/products/screenhunter.htm (381KB)

32 Best Free Search Toolbar
Search toolbars allow users to do web searches without having to go first to the home page of a search engine. This really saves a lot of time. In the last year search toolbars have become a hotly competed product class and as result, users now have an excellent choice. The "best" in terms of features is probably Yahoo's Toolbar whose features include anti-spyware capabilities as well as popup blocking. It's for Internet Explorer but they are currently offering a beta version for Firefox. My only beef with the Yahoo product is that I prefer to use Google for my web searches rather than Yahoo and that's why I use the Google Toolbar which also offers popup blocking though no anti-spyware features. On the other hand it includes a useful web form spell-checker and a few other goodies not found in the Yahoo product. Google also offers a full Firefox version as well as the standard IE version. Some folks still like Dave’s Quick Search Bar because it gives access to multiple search engines. Another advantage is that it resides in your task bar rather than your browser so it's easily accessible from any application. Other Dave's features include a dictionary, thesaurus, calculator and a lot of customizability.
http://toolbar.yahoo.com/ie (3MB)
http://www.dqsd.net/ (327KB)
http://toolbar.google.com/deskbar/ (447KB)

33 Best Free Download Manager
For some time I've been recommending Star Downloader but the freeware version has been effectively frozen at version 1.44 with future enhancements restricted to the shareware version. It is however, still a fine choice. After trying half a dozen other products, I've settled on "Free Downloader" as my new selection. It's fast, stable and integrates well into both Internet Explorer and Firefox. Furthermore, there is no embedded adware or nag screen. After using it for a couple of weeks, I've decided that it's actually just as good as Star Downloader with the advantage that it's still being actively developed. (1.31MB).
http://www.freedownloadmanager.org/download.htm

34 Best Free Web Site Ripper
HTTrack is one impressive product: it's easy to use, has an excellent user interface, offers every feature you could want, is blindingly fast and free of any adware as well. If you like to download web sites so that you can "browse them offline", this is the product to get. ( 3.23MB)
http://www.httrack.com/

35 Best Free Download/Upload Meter New, September 27, 2005
NetMeter shows upload and download speeds, along with cumulative weekly and monthly volumes and projected values. The program reminds me in many ways of Hagel's excellent $20 shareware product "DU Meter." In essence, everything you need for nix. Freeware, all Windows versions, 601KB.
http://readerror.gmxhome.de/

36 Best Free TCP Settings Tweaker
Whether you use a modem or broadband, you'll get a faster connection if you tweak your connection's TCP parameters. Among the most important of these is MaxMTU which, in simple terms, needs to be set to the largest value possible without your data being broken up into smaller chunks en-route. Most techies determine MaxMTU by trial and error pinging using different packet sizes but it's a tedious procedure and definitely not for beginners. TCPOptimizer from SpeedGuide.net is a free utility that will do the job for you automatically. Furthermore, it will use this value to advise you on your other TCP settings and then apply these values at the press of the button. There are commercial programs that will do much the same thing but TCPOptimizer does it just as well and is totally free. The only minus is the lack of in-program help. However you'll find a useful FAQ at the SpeedGuide site. (225KB)
http://www.speedguide.net/downloads.php
http://www.speedguide.net/faq_in.php?category=100

37 Best Free File Cleaner
I've tried quite a few commercial products designed to clean unused, temporary and unnecessary files off your hard disk but must say that the free utility "Empty Temp Folders" ranks with the best. It takes a few minutes to set up but after that, just press a button to recover many megabytes of disk space. An equally attractive alternative is CCleaner. It's a tad easier to use though not quite as effective in removing temporary files. Its default settings are also quite aggressive so check the options carefully before running for the first time. Both products may be used together for maximum cleaning. Between them you may be surprise how much disk space you will free up.
http://www.danish-shareware.dk/soft/emptemp (667KB)
http://www.ccleaner.com/ (403KB)

38 Best Free Resource Meter
This is cute. TinyResMeter is an itsy-bitsy system monitor. Unlike many other monitors, it doesn't consume a lot of CPU utilization in order to tell you your CPU utilization. In addition to CPU usage, you can optionally monitor cache, RAM, page file and swap file usage, running processes and threads, disk space utilization and a number of other parameters as well. Also built-in, is a screen grabber that saves the current screen to disk when you press PrintScreen. How they fit all this into 96KB beats me. I
http://perso.accelance.net/~pesoft/trm/us_trm.html

39 Best Free Sticky Notes Utility
Some people hate these programs others swear they can't work effectively without them. I used to be in the first category but with so many things on my plate these days, I'm slowly being converted. The function that I find really useful is the reminder that pops up at a designated time and date. I use it for simple things like "put up the latest issue on the web site." ATnotes is a neat implementation that features configurable alarms, resizable windows, variable fonts and a host of other useful features. The product is remarkably similar to the commercial sticky notes utility called, TurboNotes. Is imitation the sincerest form of flattery? Maybe not. NOTE: As of the 30th of May 2005, development work has ceased and the author's site pulled down. However someone has built a mirror of the author's site [1] where you can read about ATnotes and download the final version. You can also download ATNotes from the a number of other sites including the second link below. (723KB)
[1] http://atnotes.free.fr/news.html
[2] http://www.pcworld.com/downloads/file_description/0,fid,17660,00.asp

40 Best Free Secure Erase Utility
Eraser is a free, GNU license utility that will securely erase files, folders or even whole disks from any Windows or DOS PC. Eraser overwrites data area with selectable random data patterns and also wipes data in the paging file, Internet cache, temporary files, Internet cookies, unused disk space and a number of other places where data can secretly lurk. It handles FAT16, FAT32 and NTFS partitions as well. Erasing files with high security will always be a difficult and time consuming task and can never offer absolute 100% safety. However Eraser makes the task about as easy as it be, with a security level beyond most conceivable requirements. An impressive package. (2.8MB)
http://sourceforge.net/projects/eraser

41 Best Free Registry Editor
I've used the full version of Resplendent Registry Editor for years and have never had any reason to look for an alternative. Recently a subscriber asked me what was the best free registry editor and that made me realize I've never looked at that particular product category. The first product I checked out was Registrar Lite, the free version of Resplendent Registry Editor and I'd have to say it's an impressive freebie. To start with, it works totally reliably - an essential feature for any registry editor. On top of that, the user interface is simple, the functionality excellent and, perhaps most importantly, it has a really fast search. I did, however, miss a "search and delete" option - that's unfortunately only available on the full product. That said, it leaves Regedit for dead. If you know a better free registry editor, drop me an email. (2.0MB).
http://www.resplendence.com/reglite

42 Best Free Process Viewer
PrcView has long been my personal choice but Process Explorer has pushed it aside. The reason? A better display setup coupled with more features and even more information. Process Explorer uses two vertical panes. The top contains all active processes while the second shows either all the handles opened by a selected process or, optimally, a list of DLLs and memory mapped files. A very handy search feature allows you to work backwards from named DLLs or handles to the owning process. A gem. Freeware, 230KB.
http://www.sysinternals.com/ntw2k/freeware/procexp.shtml

43 Best Free PC Inventory Tool
The freeware utility AIDA32 was the best system inventorying tool ever, regardless of price. It documented just about every aspect of your hardware and software configuration as well as checking networks and providing memory benchmarks. However the developer announced in March 2004 that the free product had been frozen. Development work shifted to a commercial organization called Lavalys and AIDA32 was re-launced as Everest. Lavalys now provide a commercial "professional" version of Everest as well as a free home version. The free version is not as full featured as the old AIDA32 but it is still impressive. You can however still find the old AIDA32 at the second link below.
http://www.lavalys.com/products.php?lang=en (3.0MB)
http://www.soft32.com/download_9181.html (5MB)

44 Best Free Search and Replace Utility
There are several contenders for this title but HandyFile's excellent Find and Replace program is my favorite. It's fast, has a simple but effective user interface and some nice features including support for regular expressions. It started life as a free product before going commercial however the free version is still floating around and can be downloaded from a number of sites including the one below. (361KB)
http://www.pcsupportadvisor.com/downloads/HFFRSetup.exe

45 Best Free Outliner
I'm not a great fan of outliners - my brain doesn't work that way. Some folks however, swear by them and if that includes you, then you should check out Keynote, an Open Source freeware program that has a dedicated band of followers. Its major design attribute is its ease of use. Words like "natural" and "seamless" come close to the mark but really don't capture the essence of what is really a great design. What do you do with it? Well to quote the web site “KeyNote is used by screenwriters to draft screenplays, by medical doctors to keep patient databases, by developers to store source code snippets - and to everyone it serves as a place to put all the random pieces of information that have no particular structure of relationship to other data, and do not fit easily in task-specific applications such as word-processors, databases or spreadsheets.” (1.7MB)
http://www.tranglos.com/free/index.html

46 Best Free Rename Utility
Two great choices here: First Lupas Rename 2000. This is a small utility for Win 98 and later that globally renames all the files in a directory and its subdirectories. It can convert names to upper/lower case, change the case of the first letter, add text, left crop, right crop and just about anything else you can think of. And unlike DOS based utilities, it will work on hidden files as well. Add in a nice GUI interface, an undo feature, full preview of changes, MP3 tag renaming, support for regular expressions and the fact that it's free and you have an outstanding product. The second and equally attractive option is Flexible Renamer. It's quite similar to Lupas and choosing between them is not easy. Lupas seems to me to be easier to use for simply renaming files while Flexible Renamer has the edge with tags. Flexible Renamer can also can bulk change file attributes while Lupas can't. It also runs without installation, a definite plus.
http://www.azheavymetal.com/~lupasrename/download.php <= Lupas (742KB) http://hp.vector.co.jp/authors/VA014830/english/FlexRena/ <= Flexible Renamer (648KB)

完全用Linux工作，摈弃Windows

我已经半年没有使用 Windows 的方式工作了。Linux 高效的完成了我所有的工作。

GNU/Linux 不是每个人都想用的。如果你只需要处理一般的事务，打游戏，那么你不需要了解下面这些了。

我不是一个狂热的自由软件份子，虽然我很喜欢自由软件。这篇文章也不是用来推行自由软件运动的，虽然我觉得自由软件运动是非常好的。

这篇文章也不是用来比较 Linux 和 Windows 内核效率，文件系统，网络服务的。我现在是作为一个用户而不是一个开发者来说话的，我们的讨论是基于操作，应用层面的。是为了告诉大学里还不了解，或者不理解 UNIX 的科学工作者和大学生，UNIX 比 Windows 更适合用于科学研究工作，请大家理解 UNIX 的工作方式，不要用 Windows 的标准来要求 Linux，而要用一个科学工作者的标准来要求自己，用UNIX 的思想来武装自己。

我显然是反对在大学，特别是理工科专业推广 Windows 的。我也反对在对"娃娃"们的计算机启蒙教育中使用 Windows。因为 Windows 不论从技术上，经济上，思想风格上都是与我们培养高科技人才的目标格格不入的。Windows 的流行属于历史遗留问题，爷爷一级的人当然已经不可救药，但是我们不应该让下一代继续走上歧途。

UNIX 不是计算机专家的专利

当我建议一些非计算机专业的人用 Linux 的时候，很多人说："UNIX 是计算机系的人用的，我们不能理解。" "UNIX 是男孩用的，我们女孩不用。"

但是其实世界上的大多数科学家和工程师几乎用的都是 UNIX 作为他们的电脑工具。就因为它简单，可靠，稳定，强大，有趣。甚至很多时候 UNIX 就是唯一的选择。

你说："我们都会用 UNIX 的话，你们计算机专业的人还用来干什么？" 很容幸的告诉你，计算机专业的有一部分人就是专门为你们提供这样强大而方便的计算机工具的。如果他们制造的工具只有自己会用的话，那这个工具还有什么用？

理解 GNU/Linux 不要用 Windows 的标准来要求 Linux。

由于GNU/Linux这个词太长，下面如果没有特别指明，"Linux"就是指GNU/Linux"。

在这个年代，恐怕没有人需要我来介绍 Linux 是什么了吧？如果你觉得"Linux 只不过是跟 DOS 差不多的东西"，那请问问你旁边的 Linux 用户，Linux 到底是什么？

那为什么我还要写一篇这样的文章？因为，我发现还有很多人不不理解 Linux 和 UNIX，虽然他们也在用它，但是他们有时会问："为什么 Linux 不能像 Windows 那样 ……？"，"怎么Redhat Linux不能 mount NTFS 分区！"，"Linux 下用什么整理硬盘？"，"什么时候OpenOffice才能完全兼容Word文件啊？"，"现在还有什么Windows能干的事情Linux干不了的？"……

他们有40G的硬盘，却只为 Linux 分配了2G空间，有时还抱怨"这个东西怎么占这么多硬盘！" 似乎 Windows 该占用大部分硬盘。他们把重要的数据装在Windows的分区，似乎信不过Linux。他们总是到处寻找新奇的，好看的GUI程序，对命令行的东西一概不屑一顾。他们对Drag&Drop，菜单配置，自动升级非常感兴趣。他们如果找到一个很像 Windows 程序的 Linux 程序，一定会很高兴的说："哈哈！Linux 也能……了！"如果Linux在某种测试中胜过Windows，他们会高兴得跳起来。他们没有办法用Linux 解决问题的时候，甚至用Wine来运行Windows程序。有时实在没办法，只好重起到Windows，或者干脆省得麻烦，在 Windows 下装一个 VMWare 虚拟一个 Linux 玩。

你如果出现了上面的情况，说明你的思想受到了 Windows 的某种潜移默化的影响和误导。你没有能够从本质上理解存在于 Linux 身上的 UNIX 思想。你支持 Linux，你喜欢 Linux，你能从中感觉到快乐，这非常好。你现在只需要明白的是：Linux 从来就不是一个玩具，它是天才UNIX的后代。UNIX 是自晶体管发明以来最伟大的发明，它从诞生那一天开始就比 Windows 的设计出色。

你要体会什么叫做"设计"，一个糟糕的设计并不是到后来缝缝补补就可以变好的，而一个出色的设计，不但可以以不变应万变，而且可以影响到后来者。一个出色的设计配上一个出色的实现，那就是非常出色的发明。Linux 就是这样的一个出色的发明。Linux 并不需要追赶 Windows，也不需要打垮微软。它的最终目标是改变整个计算机世界，还人们自由，给人们乐趣和方便。

Unix 是简单的，你不需要成为一个天才也能理解这种简单。

UNIX的设计者 Dennis Ritchie 说："Unix is simple. It just takes a genius to understand its simplicity." 但是我不这么认为，因为我不是一个天才，但是我却勇敢的把 Windows 完全删除掉，遇到不明白的事情的时候努力用 UNIX 的方式去解决，而不是寻求 Windows 的帮助。现在我体会到了 UNIX 的思想和好处，我可以用比 Windows 高效几倍的效率工作。因为我相信这样的信念："Windows 能办到的事 Linux 一定能办到，而且办的更好。"

这小节开头的话应该改成："Unix 是简单的，你不需要成为一个天才或是计算机专家。但是在这个冲斥着 Windows 错误观念的世界，你需要信念和勇气才能理解它的简单。" 我下面就告诉你一些我理解到的东西。首先，你要知道的是微软在国际科学领域是根本没有地位的。

微软的地位

微软的名声在欧洲和美国的大学里，特别是在计算机系里之坏，大家可能有所耳闻。我认识的 MIT，Stanford 的教授，贝尔实验室的专家，甚至一个欧洲小国的高中计算机老师都绝口不提微软的名字。在他们眼里，微软只是一个没有真技术，专靠在落后国家商业宣传和垄断经营的小公司。这个"小"并不是说它人少，钱少，而是说它先进技术少。

我上次和王益合作写了一个算法演示程序，那个算法是贝尔实验室一位科学家Steven Fortune很天才的发明，为了程序能够被身边大多数人使用，我们选择了 VC+MFC 作为平台。我在分析算法时还得到 Fortune 很热情的鼓励，寄给我一份资料，还多次回信耐心的给我讲解了很多细节。但是程序完成之后，我把样品发给 Fortune，他回信说："对不起。我机器上没有 MFC。" 话说的很客气，但是我已经感觉到了他对 Windows的不屑。然后我把 MFC 静态编译进程序再发给他，他就没有再回信了。他显然不是瞧不起我，而是确实有难处。

你能感觉到这位科学家对微软和 Windows 是什么态度了吧？不是反感，而是他心里根本没有 Windows 这个东西！微软在高科技领域没有发展，那么它怎么生存呢？到发展中国家去发展一下，他们的人民还对电脑一无所知，我说不定甚至可以打入大学的计算机系呢。我送他们软件，我捐钱盖大楼，我出钱找图灵奖获得者来演讲，让他们觉得我们都是科学家！

好了，现在全国的大学包括清华，几乎所有人机器必装盗版 Win2000，Office XP，学校的选课系统是非IE不能正确浏览，论文用 Word 编辑，演示用ppt做，email 的通知附件是 doc 文件，你不用 Word 打不开，连 863 项目都用 VC 写程序了。我很久以前就看到一份报纸说，"微软为什么不严厉打击盗版？" 这篇文章说，微软非但不打击中国的盗版行为，而且有放任之趋势。放长线吊大鱼，"以后我要你们加倍的来还我！" 确实如此，它的目的快实现了。

Windows 笼罩下的中国计算机教育

说句丢脸的话，比尔盖茨很久以前是我的偶像…… //blush

在中国，比尔盖茨被很多人奉为神圣，"少年电脑天才"，甚至有的人提到他的名字就做出"抱拳对天"的姿势。很多人谈到微软的"新技术"，"高科技" 都是眉飞色舞。各种"VC编程圣经"，"深入了解 Visual C++"之类的书，在开头几页都会出现非常肉麻的字眼，"在那团团的混沌中，一个开天辟地的精灵，Windows 1.0，诞生了……"

微软的软件被这么多人盗用，那么人们是怎样使用这些盗版程序的呢？先看看电脑培训班，教的都是一些 DOS 命令，打字，Windows 基本操作，Word 文档处理，PowerPoint，高级班可能有 Excel，Access…… 参加各种微软认证考试，MCSE，MSDE 的人络绎不绝。考试辅导班都贴出了"280元，考过为止"之类的字样。考试参考资料更是昂贵，有些电脑书店整整两书架都是"Microsoft Press"的东西。我有个同学参加认证考试，每门考试都要200多元。而且你一次考不过可以再考，又要交钱。他后来还津津乐道跟我说，看我，花了XXXX(一个四位数)元考过了微软认证，得到一张比尔盖茨亲笔签名的证书和价值6000元的 Windows XP 内部发行版。

"电脑要从娃娃抓起"，我们再来看看娃娃们学的是什么。大部分家长给孩子买了电脑之后，他们首先就会装一个盗版的 Windows，然后买来盗版的游戏开始玩。如果哪个孩子会用 Delphi 编程序，那可不得了。报社记者，电视台争相报导，说，某某学校的初中生某某，在别人都还在玩电脑游戏这种"初级阶段"的时候就已经用 Delphi 写程序了。镜头还瞄准了他显示器上面的像框中的比尔盖茨头像！

我刚进入大学计算机系时还不懂得什么是操作系统，因为我以前只用过"中华学习机"。看到新入学的同学们各个谈论的都是 "Windows 95"，"VC"…… 我简直觉得我落后了好几十年一样，整个一土人，根本跟他们答不上话。好不容易找到一个比较熟的同学问了一下："你们天天谈论的瘟95是什么啊？"答："win95就是一个操作系统，跟DOS是一类。""朵死是什么？" "你连DOS都不知道是什么？别在计算机系混了。" 学校上课当然不讲VC编程之类的东西，但是上 Pascal 的老师有一次就说："嗨，我们学校真是落后。现在别人都用 C, C++，甚至 VC 了，我们还在讲 Pascal。不知道什么时候才能有VC课啊。你们出去也是要用VC的，只好自学了。" 于是，有些同学很多时候上课都捧着一本很重的"Windows 编程大全"之类的书，根本没有听课。吃饭时就念念有词的跟我说，"代码的优化是无止境的"，"匈牙利命名法真是伟大的发明" …… 这就是中国很多大学计算机系的情况。

感觉到无知了？这不是偶然的，而是微软长久以来埋下的伏笔。它要让无知的大家都把它奉为神圣，它要让支持UNIX，Xwindow的人一旦说 UNIX 好，Xwindow 好的时候，都被一群人围着说教："这个 Windows 也能做到"，"你对 Windows 有偏见"，"微软才是主流啊"，"你敢瞧不起 win2k？"，".NET 就是世界潮流"，"微软的毕竟是新技术"，"有钱就是有技术"…… 甚至在一番论战比较后败下来还是要说："Windows 性能差点，但是易用性强"，"Windows 是老百姓用的，要求别那么?quot;，"微软那么有钱，以后想超过 UNIX 还不容易吗？"……

发达国家的计算机教育

我前段时间在 USENET 发文问有关 Scheme 语言的问题时，认识了一位丹麦人。他解决了我所有的问题，并且建议我阅读一些很"深奥"的有关程序语言语法，文法的书，他告诉我很多网站可以学习 LISP，Scheme，人工智能，算法。他叫我看 Jonathan Rees 的论文 "Syntactic Closures"。他还打包给我寄过来一份 MIT 的 "How to Design Programs"。他说他在自己的 PC 机上装的是 Linux，他用 Emacs 编辑，运行Scheme 程序。他对 Emacs 的了解和爱好真是使人惊讶。他大学本科毕业时做的毕业设计是一个 Scheme 解释器。这对于我来说是望尘末及了。

他是那么的不厌其烦，我的每一个问题他都详细的回答。我有时都觉得过于详细了，怎么这么耐心啊？我觉得他似乎是我的高中老师。他是什么样的人呢？我好奇的打听了他的情况。原来，他是丹麦一所普通高中的计算机老师。

他说他在高中里讲授程序设计和算法，计算机语言文法。他说用 Scheme，他的学生不用再为内存泄漏等程序语言本身的问题而烦恼，而专注于问题和算法本身。有利于培养学生解决问题的能力，特别是用计算机解决数学问题的能力。

天哪！为什么欧洲出现那么多数学家，几何学家？你看看别人重视的是什么！我们的计算机教育如果继续这样下去，只会沿着弯路越走越远！

微软和它的朋友们的如意算盘

下面来看看微软的收入是怎么来的。首先，Windows 98系列操作系统，一个就是 100多美元，每次升级又是几乎同样的价钱。Windows NT 还要贵几倍，而且有用户数目限制，5个用户的，10个用户的…… 以后如果要增加用户数目还要按比例付钱。

花了如此多钱买来的操作系统就能用了吗？它竟然连压缩程序都没有提供！你装上Windows 之后一般第一件事就是去下载一个 WinZip 吧，"只要 29 美元"。Windows会中病毒啊，马上花 70 美元买一个 Norton AntiVirus 吧。还有黑客呢？再买一个Norton Internet Security 好了，100 美元。系统需要优化，磁盘需要整理，买一个Norton System Works 是你最佳的解决方案，100美元。

可是你现在还是不能干正事啊！你想要一个 Word, PowerPoint？那就买一套 Office XP 吧，一起买便宜些，$459.90。

那些程序不会用啊！那些菜单怎么设置，到底有什么功能啊？看"帮助"也学不会。买本书看看吧，我推荐"Special Edition Using Microsoft Office XP"，不贵，$27.99。这本书里面大部分是屏幕抓图，还是买一本旧的比较划算，$17.85。

你如果只是当个秘书，上面的差不多还凑合了。可是你有更高的追求，你想成为 Windows程序员。首先买一个 Visual Studio.NET 吧，要不然怎么编译程序。$494.95。

为了紧跟微软动向，世界潮流，不能不注册个 MSDN 什么的吧？这个贵一点，不过物有所值啊，$2,799。

嗯，你现在已经是上层阶级，白领人士了。你现在可以像这样"自由"的，"安全"的生活了。

为什么要反对使用 Windows

很多人都说不应该完全否定 Window，Windows 也有它的长处。不应该骂微软。

对。Windows 容易操作，适合普通用户。如果微软把它自己定位在 P&G，Philips 那样的地位，能够给我们的百姓提供周到的，完善的，价廉物美的服务。那我肯定是很喜欢它的。但是从上面的种种情况说明，微软是一个野心极大的国际垄断组织！它的产品没有一个是不出问题的：Windows 不稳定，容易中病毒，而微软不为大家免费提供杀毒软件。我就是要让你们花钱买我的朋友 Symantec 的杀毒软件，谁叫你们已经上了我的贼船？这叫什么售后服务啊！

你买来微软的程序，安装的时候一般都有一个协议，说："由于微软的程序造成你的数据损坏或丢失，微软概不负责。" 我想很多人肯定觉得这个不合理，不想按那个 "I accept"。但是你的软件买都买来了，钱都花了，现在一按 "I decline"，安装程序马上就会退出。你只好被迫点击了 "I accept"！这不是不平等条约吗？

我已经目睹了好几个朋友的文档被 Microsoft Word 损坏，有的是编辑了十多天的30多页的论文，有的是费了很大工夫做出来的个人简历，那个朋友为此失去了到自己向往的P&G 工作的机会。就在他要投简历的前一个晚上，就在那一瞬间…… 不知道他痛哭的时候有没有想起要投诉微软，可是谁叫我们用的都是盗版呢，况且你还点击了 "I accept"。

微软仗势已经占有大部分PC市场，制定不符合国际标准的"微软的标准"，以不合理的方式压制其它公司的软件，这个问题已经在美国司法部闹了很久了。他甚至在 Windows系列操作系统中放置能够通过网络泄漏用户信息的代码，以至于 Windows 刚进入澳大利亚时被澳大利亚政府禁止使用。

有些人说："微软毕竟开创了一个历史，造就了今天的 IT 行业。" 但是，如果没有微软，我们今天早就用上非常稳定，非常可靠，非常方便，非常"傻瓜"的软件了！微软是阻挡信息技术发展的罪魁祸首。

微软的程序的工作方式(注意，我只是说操作方式，病毒的事情另外算)确实适合于一般家庭，上上网，发发邮件，打打游戏都不错。可是微软却要把自己包装成什么"高科技"企业，要在世界各地设置"研究院"，在大学计算机系赠送不适合用于科研的 Windows产品，甚至出钱请图灵奖得主来中国畅谈"二十一世纪的计算"，还在大会上宣传自己的 .NET 技术。非要把别人认为自己是科学的，自己是领导世界高科技的。但是呢？它什么高科技也没有。欧洲，美国，哪一个关键部门在用微软的东西？NASA? DOE? CERN?你仔细想一想，微软的程序对人类到底有什么重大作用？

什么是 Windows 能干而 Linux 干不了的事情？---
"Windows 能干而 Linux 干不了的事情，那就是不需要干的事情。"

有个朋友看我半年没有用 Windows，有时就会问我："你只用 Linux，有没有发现有些Windows 能处理的事情 Linux 干不了？"---
我回答说："Windows 能干而 Linux 干不了的事情，那就是不需要干的事情。"

Windows 能做的有益的事情 Linux 都能做---
Windows 下的某些功能确实是我们需要的，那么 Linux 的开发者们和用户也需要这种功能，他们就会去实现这种功能，而且比 Windows 的方式好得多。由于大多数科学家，工程师用的都是 Linux 或者某种商业 UNIX, 所以几乎所有商业的科学工程程序，比如Matlab, Mathematica, AutoCAD, Candence的，Synopsys的，Avant! 的……全都是先有UNIX 的版本(包括Linux)，然后再考虑移植给 Windows，甚至根本不移植给Windows，因为 Windows 的机器一般没有足够的能力运行这样的程序。你不要以为只有 Windows 才有 PSpice, UNIX 的 HSpice 要好得多，而且可以运行在大型主机上。当然它们不是免费的，但是它们值那个价钱。

但是 Windows 下有些东西在 Linux 下没有很相似的，或者你找到很多类似的，但是它们每一个比起 Windows 的那个程序都要差很多，那么原因有两种可能性：

有一个完全类似的程序，但是由于它乍一看不漂亮，被你忽略了。而其它程序虽然看起来很漂亮，但是它们是一些初学编程的人写的。现在由于 Gtk, Qt 的诞生，Linux 下开发图形界面程序极其简单，很多初中生甚至小学生都可以随手编出一些漂亮不中用的程序。如果你整天寻找这样的程序挑来挑去，永远也找不到你满意的。当然也有一流的程序用 Gtk 和 Qt，比如 GVIM 就可以用 Gtk 作为图形界面，我还知道 Synopsys 一些程序用了 Qt。

我曾经也犯过这样的错误，从外表区分一切。结果优秀的 FVWM, lftp, Mutt, wget 都被我忽略过。当我找回它们的时候，我是那么的羞愧不已，它们现在都是我的朋友我第一次看到 FVWM 觉得它只不过是一个有很厚很难看边框的东西。可是现在，我的同学看到 FVWM 都说："哇！真漂亮。"

有另一种完全不同的方式可以达到相同的目的，甚至更好。

很多人很关心 Open Office, Star Office, AbiWord, ... 他们多么盼望有一天某一个Linux 程序能够完全兼容的打开一个复杂的 doc 文档。但是你永远也不可能有那一天。为什么呢？因为微软为了占有市场，必定不会让其它系统的程序能够完全兼容它的文档格式。它一定会不断变化 doc 文档的内部结构，隐藏一些秘密，让其它公司的程序打开 doc 文档时总是有某种问题，从而你必需购买 Microsoft Office 和 Windows。

你应该想一下，那么多的高智商的大学教授，科学家，学生，他们用的都是 Linux 或者其它类型的 UNIX，他们没有 Word 可用，怎么处理文档呢？这么多年没有一个像Open Office 的程序出现，难道大家没有办法写文档吗？

显然不是这样。你看看那些高水平的学术杂志，论文，那些大学教授的网页，那些漂亮的幻灯片，它们是什么做的？原来 UNIX 用户早就有非常方便的 troff, LaTeX, SGML等东西可以处理文档，而且它们比起 Word 都要高明的多。Word 显然被这些大拿忽略了，以至于很久以来没有人想在 Linux 下开发一个类似 Word 的程序，除非某些公司想抢微软的饭碗。

很多人留着 Windows 在硬盘上的原因无非是为了用 Word 和 PowerPoint。我见过一个教授，他的 Windows 笔记本电脑上除了 PowerPoint 什么都没有。有一天演示的时候，他指着堆乱字符说："对不起，这是一个公式……怎么每次都是这样……" 其实有比PowerPoint 好几百倍的东西可以制造幻灯片，你可以用最简单的方法制造世界一流效果的论文和幻灯片。你待会儿可以看看我的TeX网页，你就会知道为什么我可以完全离开 Windows。

Windows 能做的那些没用的事情 Linux 永远做不好

电脑游戏
有些人说 Linux 下不能玩 Windows 下所能得到的所有游戏。的确，Linux 下虽然也有少量的游戏，比如 Quake。但是它没有 Counter Strike, 没有 Star Craft, ……

并不是说电脑游戏不该玩，但是应该适可而止。电脑是用来处理事务，帮助你学习，解决问题的工具，而不是一个玩具！整天沉迷于电脑游戏中，而不出去感觉外面的世界，你会变得越来越冷酷，越来越缺乏人情味。你与真实的世界越来越远。

你可以在 CS 里杀人，你可以在 Tomb Raider 里探险，你甚至可以在 Tony Hawk's Pro Skaters 里滑板…… 但是 It's not real！你虽然有很高的"反恐技巧"，但是遇到歹徒的时候，你是那么的怯懦；你虽然控制 Laura 伸手敏捷，但是你打篮球的时候怎么总是被人断球？你虽然可以轻易的在 THPS 里作出一个 "360 kickflip to hangten grind to fakie"，但是你踩在自己的滑板上的时候还不会 ollie！

说回来，如果你偶尔玩一下电脑游戏未尝不可。但是世界上有远比 Windows + PC 更好的游戏方式。Sony 的 PlayStation2, SEGA 的 DreamCast, Nintendo 的 N64，Namco的街机……每一个都比 Windows 游戏精彩，每一个都有如此高的3D性能，以至于Pentium4, Itanium + GForce4 都无法与它们比美！

Linux 的用户们都是关心解决世界的关键问题的份子，他们哪里有时间用自己的机器来玩游戏啊？他们每天用Linux高效的做完自己的工作就到阳光下享受自然去了。要玩游戏也是玩一些类似推箱子，贪吃蛇之类的智力小游戏。所以，你知道为什么 Linux 几乎没有游戏了吧？

"整理硬盘，优化系统"

这是一个非常有意思的话题，仅次于有关"病毒"的话题。相信很多 Windows 用户都有整理硬盘的经历。在很多 Windows 用户眼里，"硬盘用久了，会出现碎片，速度会减慢，需要一个程序来整理，整理硬盘的时候不要做其它工作"，这好像是天经地义的事情。

我也曾经津津有味的看着 Norton Defrag 一点一点的把我的硬盘排序，调整，用图形的方式显示出来，然后报告?quot;100% 没有碎片。你的硬盘现在已经达到最佳状态。" 我现在才发觉我那时是多么的幼稚。

Linux 和 UNIX 用户似乎从来没有"整理硬盘"这种说法呢？你觉得很奇怪吗？如果你觉得很奇怪，那说明你的思想在某种程度上被微软的垃圾程序禁锢了。你需要明白，UNIX 的大型主机很多必须是一天24小时，一年365又1/4天不停运转的，要是每个星期都要整理一次硬盘，在整理的时候几乎不能干任何事情，那是绝对行不通的！

Linux 机器根本不用整理硬盘，这就是为什么没有看到过 Linux 用户整理硬盘。Linux 的文件系统是比 Windows 的 FAT, FAT32, NTFS 高明得多的文件系统，它们不但可以对文件设置权限，实施完全的保护，而且可以"越用越整齐"，"越用碎片越少"！你应该把文件大部分放在 Linux 的分区，而不是 Windows 分区，因为它比 Windows分区可靠得多。

还有更滑稽的事情就是有很多"Norton System Doctor"，"Windows 优化大师"，"超级兔仔注册表魔法" 之类的程序存在，而且价格昂贵。似乎一个操作系统本来应该有很多问题，需要别的厂商做程序来"优化"它，而且为了得到优化，你需要付钱！这些问题 Linux 根本就没有，所以不需要什么优化。Linux 内核本身就是高度优化的。

IDE

有些人在抱怨为什么 Linux 没有一个良好的 IDE 开发环境。Linux 现在已经有一些IDE 了，但是总是有很多问题。你是不是正在寻找，正在期望 Linux 某一天可以有一个VC那样的开发环境？你有没有发现你正在进入微软给你设下的怪圈？你为什么一定要用 IDE？你说："IDE 开发迅速，调试方便，适合大型程序……" 那说明微软的程序在你脑子里已经比较根深蒂固，你需要好好清醒一下了，看看我来告诉你。

高明的 UNIX 程序员不用 IDE，IDE 从来就是给初级 Windows 程序员用的。

你看看大型的 UNIX 程序，包括 Linux 内核，各种网络服务程序，Xwindow 程序在内，哪一个是 IDE 搞出来的？我们实验室的 EDA 程序也没有一个是 IDE 弄的，我还知道Candence, Synopsys，Mentor 的高性能的图形界面 EDA 程序也都不是 IDE 写的。你信不信，微软的人在写 Windows 本身的时候也根本不用 IDE。微软内部程序员最喜欢的编辑器其实是 VIM，用 VIM 的微软程序员上次向乌干达的可怜儿童捐助了1000多美元，这是值得称赞的。

有一次某杂志采访一些出名的 Linux 内核程序员，包括 Linus 在内，没有一个人用IDE，有的人用 VIM，有的用 Emacs，只有 Linus 说"GNU Emacs is evil"，但是其实他用的是一种跟 Emacs 有同样键绑定功能的 MicroEmacs。大家都是用编辑器编辑了程序文件，然后用 make 这样的自动工具调用 gcc 编译器完成编译工作的。甚至高级的 Windows 程序员也不用 IDE，他们可以从命令行调用 cl，nmake 来编译自己的程序。虽然这样的 Windows 程序员很少，但是他们却是最了解 Windows，最高明的Windows 程序员。

为什么 UNIX 程序员不用 IDE？明白了这个道理你就能体会到 UNIX 的设计思想了。首先，一个 IDE 集成了编辑器，编译器，汇编器，调试器，跟踪器…… 这个编辑器功能肯定比不上 VIM 或 Emacs，编译器比不上 GCC，汇编器比不上 as，调试器比不上 gdb，ddd, 跟踪器比不上 strace, ltrace, truss。你得到的是一套整合的低能的程序。如果你对调试器的功能不满意，你只好换用另外一套 IDE，但是这套 IDE 的热键，菜单，编辑器功能，按钮…… 跟原来那个有很大不同。你不得不花很多时间来熟悉新的环境，而不能保持原来的某些东西。

而在 UNIX 下就不一样了。你可以用你最喜欢的 VIM 编辑程序，你在 VIM 里可以调用GNU make，make 可以调用 gcc, ld, ... make 的出错信息可以被 VIM 捕获，VIM 能帮你在源程序里定位。你如果喜欢 icc, 你可以让 make 用 icc 而不是 gcc。你如果觉得 gdb 跟踪变量时比较麻烦，你可以用 ddd 来显示各种数据结构之间的关系。你还可以在 Emacs 里调用 gdb，那样就可以同步显示源代码了。而且 VIM 和 Emacs 还可以编辑很多其它东西，比如信件，LaTeX 文档，HTML，配置文件…… 你不用另外找一个什么编辑器来干这些杂活了。很多程序比如 Mutt, tin 都可以在内部使用 VIM，这样就更方便了。实际上 make 在其它方面还能帮你很多忙，我的每一个比较大型的 LaTeX文档都是用 make 维护的。

Linux 能干的高精尖的事情 Windows 都干不了

当然有很多事情是Linux/UNIX的专利了。因为 Windows 只能装在 PC 机上，好像以前也有 Alpha 可以使用 Windows NT，但是就是没见到有人用。PC 机的能力是很低的，像我们编程序处理 NP-Hard 问题的人，用 Windows 的机器显然速度不够，而且有时一个问题算上几天甚至几个星期，Windows 机器是以"死机"著称的，我们怎么能放心？所以几乎所有科学计算程序，EDA 程序，高性能图像处理程序都不是 Windows 的。他们有时也会移植一些给 Windows，但是常常降低那些程序的能力。你比较过 Windows 版本的 Mathematica 和 Linux 的有什么区别吗？

IBM 制造的最大的并行计算机有 8000 多个处理器，Windows 不可能有能力管理这么多处理器，它用的是什么操作系统？答案是 Linux。

《泰坦尼克号》电影里的三维动画，那么细腻逼真，Windows机器能做出来吗？不行。那也是 Linux 机器做的。

民航总局用来训练地情人员的虚拟现实训练设备，Windows 当然无能为力。那都是商业的 IRIX 机器。

UNIX 是最早支持 TCP/IP 网络协议的系统。它上面有很多可以互相协作的网络服务程序，它们经过多年的使用和修订，已经达到比较完善的程度。而就在1997年，微软的比尔盖茨还在扬言："Internet 是没有前途的。" 微软的这个"远见卓识"大家应该都已见识，它后来加上的网络服务程序IIS漏洞之多，让公安部都频频发出警报，大家也是见识了的。

其实你知道了，Windows 没有一样有用的事情能比 UNIX 干的更好。

Linux 干不了的有用的事情 Windows 照样干不了
当然 Linux 不是万能的。它也有不能干的事情，电脑也有干不了的事情。但是 Linux干不了的事情，Windows 肯定也干不了。这些事情就是我们需要探索，需要努力的事情了。在你探索的过程中，Linux 必定是你的好伙伴。

不要把Linux和Xwindow掩盖起来！不要把我们的用户当成傻瓜。

什么？你早就知道 Windows 是垃圾？噢！你怎么不早说呢！害我废话这么多。嘿嘿。

"好了。你知道 Windows 是垃圾，你现在用什么?quot;

"Linux + Xwindow"

"那我问你，Xwindow 是什么样的？"

"不就是跟 Windows 差不多吗？只不过 'Start' 按钮比较方，而且上面不是一个Windows 标志，而是一个脚丫子。点击一下居然还有很漂亮的中文菜单。我喜欢！"

"你知道什么是'根窗口'吗？"

"不知道。从来没听说过呢？"

"根窗口就是遮盖整个屏幕的那个最大的窗口。"

"哪儿有什么窗口啊！我没有看到呢？"

你发现了问题吗？这些 Linux 用户说是在用 Linux 和 Xwindow，但是他们对 Linux和 Xwindow 几乎完全不了解。很多人用了那么久 Xwindow 都不知道根窗口是什么东西，不知道其实按钮也是窗口，不知道窗口管理器和其它程序有什么关系，大家都以为窗口上面的按钮是程序自己放上去的，不知道窗口?quot;class name"，"resource name"是什么东西。他们也不知道 .Xdefaults 是用来干什么的。特别是他们很多人都不知道 Xwindow 的字体是如何命名的，什么是 fontset，有了一个新的字体也不知道怎么安装。

他们被遮在 Linux 之上的一层一层的包装迷惑了，他们等待有图形界面的工具来帮助完成一切事情，他们认为 Linux 跟 Windows 一样，只是麻烦一点。他们知道 Linux内核很好，但是他们感觉不到 Linux 和 Xwindow 在操作层面的天生的先进性，随后不久就把 Linux 完全删除掉了。你发现没有，要用户理解 UNIX 和 Xwindow 的操作层面的先进性，才是留住用户的最好办法。如果用户体会不到操作时的方便和高效，内核再好他们也不会理会。

但是用摹仿 Windows 的作法来吸引用户，永远会失败的。因为 Linux 如果摹仿Windows那一套低效率的方式，那么 Linux 的这套"低效率方式"永远比不上Windows 的那一套"低效率方式"。那么用户就会说："这个 Linux，没有一样比的上 Windows。"

Linux 天生就是继承了 UNIX 的高效的工作方式，为什么我们要把它掩盖起来？我们为什么只告诉用户 KDE 的菜单怎么用？我们为什么不能像早期的 Xwindow 书籍那样第一节就告诉用户什么是 X server, 什么是 X client，什么是 Window Manager, 什么是根窗口。第二章就告诉用户窗口有哪些属性，什么是 classname, resource name, hint，怎样使用 .Xdefaults, xrdb ……

在这里我又不得不说一下那些 Linux 的发行公司和写书的人，他们把 Linux 和Xwindow 包装起来，却没有从基本上告诉用户 Xwindow 的工作原理。很多书籍讲授的层次就是在Gnome, KDE 的菜单操作的层次，靠大量抓图来占篇幅，"繁荣"Linux 书籍市场。

现在很多人已经把能够利用别人的库写出一个好看的程序作为自己编程水平的象征。在这?quot;图形化"，"可视化" 的年代，你如果还在用 troff, LaTeX 写文档，你还在用VIM 自己编辑 HTML，用 Mutt 处理邮件，你还在用文本模式的 gdb 调试程序，你还在用Xlib 写程序, 你还在用 tin 上 USENET，你还在自己写 Makefile，写机器代码，你还在玩 Clossal Cave 这样的字符模式冒险游戏，那你就是老古董。

其实这种思想是错误的。虽然你是一个坚决的 Linux 支持者，但是你的思想是 Windows的思想。你认为图形界面，菜单，按钮就可以解决一切问题，就可以给你高效方便。你还是没能摆脱微软给你的潜移默化的东西。你其实离不开 Windows 那样的环境，你迟早会删掉自己的 Linux。

GUI vs. CLI
做一个坚定不移的"两面派"

大家看到这个标题是不是热血沸腾？两派大虾都可以围攻我了：

GUI派用户："哇！我一看你这小子就是 CLI 的。要不然自己写什么 Makefile？用什么Mutt？"

CLI派用户："切～ 你还用 X！高手都不用 X。你是 GUI 那边的。"

可怜的我："555～～ 你们都不要我～～ GUI 和 CLI 就那么水火不容吗？"

计算机界这样的门派之分还很多。很有特点的就是 CLI 和 GUI 了。CLI (Command LIne)的狂热份子声称永远不用 X。我上次在实验室看到一个同学用一个 SecureCRT 登录到Sun 机器，然后用一个 vanilla vi 编辑程序，我建议他启动一个 GVIM 过来显示在Exceed 上可以有语法加亮。但是他坚决反对，说："高手不用X。你想想，要是我在一个很慢的网络连接怎么用 X？而且好多服务器没有装 X 程序。"

但是我们实验室的网速可够快，Windows 机器都有 Exceed 啊，而且 Sun 机器有全套X 客户程序包括 GVIM。他说他是 CLI 的坚决拥护者，但是他却在用 Windows，他后来打开了好几个 SecureCRT，每次从文本框输入地址，用户名和密码，从下拉菜单选择"SSH2"，然后点击"Connnect"。他还不断的夸SecureCRT是"网络管理员投票选出的最受欢迎的登录方式"。老天，SecureCRT 本身就是个 GUI 啊，他其实没有明白Xwindow 的好处。

你说我是 GUI 的？我虽然很少在 console 下工作。但是我对 bash, VIM 很熟悉，我可以让 bash 按照我的键绑定方式来工作。我可以在 rxvt 里使用 Mutt 来收发 email。我的每个桌面上都常常堆放着一打不同大小的 rxvt。我用 VIM 编辑 LaTeX。我自己写Makefile 来维护 LaTeX 文档。我有时用 mpg321 来放 mp3。我上BBS用的我自己写的expect 脚本。 好了，CLI 派的朋友可以收我做盟友了

你说我是 CLI 的老古董？我的 FVWM 被我配置为可以"手写操作"，我只要画一个"r"就可以启动 rxvt，我只要画一个 "U" 就可以启动 GVIM，…… 我用 GVIM 语法加亮模式编辑程序，我用 Mozilla 浏览网页，…… GUI 派的现在好像认我做朋友了

好了。CLI 派的朋友，虽然我很喜欢命令行，但是我有时在屏幕上左右画一下就可以执行:

Module FvwmConsole -terminal rxvt -geometry 45x5-0+0 -bg gold -fg midnightblue -fn "-adobe-courier-medium-r-*-*-14-*-*-*-*-*-*-*"
你是不是现在又想把我逐出师门？

GUI 派的朋友，虽然我很喜欢窗口。但是我可以在 FvwmConsole 里输入：

All (rxvt) MoveToDesk
把我所有的 rxvt 移动到我现在工作的桌面。"这家伙，怎么这么快就叛变了！"

其实何必分什么 GUI 和 CLI，UNIX 和 Xwindow 都是工业标准，它们从设计那天开始就有非常灵活的用法，各个程序，不管是 GUI 还是命令行的都可以互相协作。UNIX 和X 是一家，何必搞的那么偏激，非此即彼？你从我上面的行为可以看出 GUI 和 CLI的模糊界线吗？我就是坚定不移的"两面派"。

UNIX 是简单的--
"我相信简单就是最好，如果太复杂，我是不能理解的。" -Seymour Cray

很多第一次用 Linux 的人会惊奇的发现，Linux 的程序居然不?quot;安装"就可以运行，程序拷贝到随便那个目录都可以用，而不是一定要占用你第一个分区的空间。程序的设置只是一些简简单单的文本文件。你根本不需要什么"注册表修改器" 就可以改变系统的设置。这就叫做简单，但是简单就是美。虽然这只是 UNIX 简单性的一个肤浅的认识，你已经体会到了某些东西。

但是简单并不意味着功能弱，并不意味着落后。相反，简单意味着强大，意味着生命力。

我不会再继续阐述我理解到的"UNIX 的简单"，因为这个需要自己去体会。

UNIX 是永恒的
有人说："Plan9 会取代 UNIX，Mach 会取代 Linux 内核。"

但是你如果是一个深入体会了 UNIX 的人，你就会知道：UNIX 的思想是永恒的，不管时过境迁，Plan9 是否代替 UNIX，UNIX 的灵魂都会在 Plan9 身上现形！

我为同一个设备写过 Linux 内核和 Windows VxD 驱动程序。写 Linux 驱动程序时，我对 UNIX 设计的完美的一致性，远见性所折服。UNIX 用同样界面的 read(), write()系统调用就可以对不同的对象：普通文件，设备文件，管道，管道文件，socket，……进行统一的读写操作。我跟本不需要写一个测试用的应用程序就可以对我的设备驱动进行测试，因为 cat, cp, dd, 它们也使用了同样的 read(), write()，设备和普通文件在应用程序眼里没有区别。在那个还没有 Smalltalk, 没有 C++ 的年代，UNIX 的设计者已经使用了所谓的 "面向对象方法"。对，C 语言也可以实现面向对象。

UNIX 的系统调用几十年都没有很大变化，这非但不是顽固，不进步的象征，反而是UNIX 的远见卓识的体现！这就跟 TeX 程序几十年都不变的情况差不多。这些才是真正的永恒的 master piece! 你应该改变所有软件都必需从 0.1, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 2.0,..., 3.0, 3.1, 95, 98, 2000, XP, ... 不断升级的想法。

Windows 就不同了，它在最开头只是一个 DOS 之上的图形包装而已。后来为了兼容以前的糟糕设计，不得不加上很多累赘。我写 VxD 驱动程序的时候就深有体会，Windows 95 程序对设备的操作只有用 DeviceIoControl，我不得不写了两个应用程序来对设备驱动进行测试。Windows 内核的不一致性和隐密性使我非常恼火。不过 Windows WDM驱动程序现在也有了 ReadFile, WriteFile，…… 那说明什么？那说明 Windows 在向UNIX 学习，或者有可能是某个 UNIX 设计人员在微软打了几天临工，顺手加了几个UNIX 的东西进去。这样做是没有用的，Windows 从一开始就是非常糟糕的设计，它的历史的包袱太沉重了，缝缝补补有什么用？它只能永远的被 UNIX 甩在身后！

UNIX 是强大的
让聪明人干任何他们想干的事情。

UNIX 的一个特点就是非常高的灵活性，Xwindow 也具有这种灵活性。这种灵活性体现在哪里呢？

UNIX 的程序一般都有很多参数，不管你现在用的着用不着，总有人需要某些参数。它们的行为很多都可以用配置文件来改变。比如 GNU bash, 通常缺省的命令行输入方式是 Emacs 方式，但是只要我编辑一个 .inputrc 文件，就可以把它变成 vi 的输入方式，而且我还可以自己绑定键序列到某些操作。我可以用 shopt 来设置它的很多特点，比如是否进行通配符扩展，是否可以把一个变量当作一个目录来cd，是否可以自动纠正某些明显的目录名打字错误 ……

UNIX 程序设计的思想是提供给用户"机制"，而不限制用户制定"政策"。这是一个重要的尊重用户的作法。

我们再来看看 Xwindow。Xwindow 是一个出色的设计，它把显示服务器和客户程序分开。一个显示上既可以显示本机上的程序，也可以显示别的机器上的 X 程序，而它们都遵守你的窗口管理器的统一指挥，它们之间可以方便的传送剪贴版数据，各种事件 …… 比如有时我的 XFree86 上会出现四个不同机器上的 XTerm，两个不同机器上的 GVIM，…… 它们统一受本机上的 FVWM 指挥。

Xwindow 程序都具有很多很多命令行参数和 resource 参数。你可以随意的在命令行或者 .Xdefaults 文件设置所有的颜色，字体，尺寸…… 而且如果你用 xrdb 把 .Xdefaults 导入到根窗口，那么其它机器上没有经过配置的同样的程序，显示到你的机器上的时候也会遵守同样的外观规定。

Xwindow 的窗口具有 Property, 也就是一些可以自己定义的共享数据(原子)。正是因为这些 Property 的存在，使得 Xwindow 具有无比强大的生命力。X 的窗口管理器和其它客户程序之间并没有统一的协议，但是后来出现了 ICCCM(客户程序间通信规范)，这个规范就是通过 property 定义的。现在又有人定义了一套"扩展的窗口协议(EWM Hints)"，使得Xwindow 可以具有某些 Windows 的特征，比如一个工具条程序可以告诉窗口管理器："这个屏幕下面被我占据了24个像素的空间，你最大化程序的时候不要越过这个界线。"

一个强大的窗口管理程序比如 FVWM，它收到这样的提示时，可以答应工具条程序的这个要求，也可以不答应。一切选择的权力在于谁？当然是用户了！

你想想，是不是有些 Windows 程序常常弹出一个窗口要你选择 "Yes or No"？你不点击它它就不下去。你觉不觉得你的程序在侵犯你的尊严？你是一个人，一个智慧的生物，怎能受到一个程序如此的待遇？

还有就是很多 Windows 程序把人当成傻瓜，而它是"智能程序"。比如，有一个程序就是喜欢把你的每句话第一个字母都变成大写，我不说它是谁了，你遇到的时候就知道了。

如果连"一句话开头一个字母要大写"这么明显的问题都需要程序帮你纠正的话，人脑还用来干什么？况且如果你故意想要不大写的话，那就更麻烦了，我楞是没有从它那一大堆菜单里找到怎么关闭这个愚蠢的选项。

只有符号才能完全操纵计算机。

我们来说说很多初学 Linux 的用户。虽然他们在用 Linux，但是他们打心眼儿里是觉得Windows 的工作方式好，他们希望 Linux 有一天能"像Windows那样"。你说："我的鼠标一点，我菜单一拉，…… 就可以完成我的操作。" 但是我要告诉你："Linux 从来没有摹仿 Windows，将来也不会。Linux 从诞生之日起，它的工作方式就比 Windows 的先进。

Linux 属于能勇敢面对符号的人。只有符号才能完全操纵计算机。"

看看优秀的 UNIX 程序，XFree86, FVWM, VIM, Emacs, proftpd, Mutt, wget, tin, ... 没有一个不是用配置文件来设置选项的。为什么这些程序没有方便的菜单可以用来配置？难道它们的设计者就那么低能，连个图形配置界面也写不出来？

当然不是。因为图形界面配置方式的能力是极其有限的，而配置文件和程序语言的表达能力却是无限的。用图形界面配置这些程序的话，如果你想达到配置文件的效果，你需要成百上千的菜单，checkbox, radio button, ... 到时候你根本没办法找到你需要修改的地方了！而各个程序的配置文件的语法都有很多相似之处，一般就是一些命令，设置一些变量，参数，…… 一旦用会了一个，其它的也就容易理解了。如果你用惯了 awk, sed, Perl，你会觉得那才是真正的自动化啊。

鼠标虽然是很好的工具，但是它的表达能力是有限的。你不可能光用鼠标就让电脑完全明白你的意思，它毕竟只有3个按钮。看看我的MetaPost页你就能体会到鼠标的这一弱点。所以我们虽然很喜欢鼠标，但是却不能完全依赖它。

各个小程序的完美配合

这就是UNIX最重要的特点了，它就是UNIX设计的思想。让每个程序只具有一项专门的能力，然后让它们合作。Xwindow也继承了这种好传统。这恐怕就是Windows和其它操作系统望尘末及的地方了。UNIX 程序设计之统一，配合之完美，真使我难以置信！shell, grep, find, awk, sed, make, Perl, Emacs, vi, tin, Mutt, ... 它们是那么的具有一致性！你一旦学会了 sed 的正则表达式，其它程序基本上都能用了。你一旦学会了vi 和 VIM, 你会发现它的操作是那么的有规律性，似乎vi的设计者在几十年前就已经设计好了 VIM 在今天的完美而统一的操作方式！而且vi的操作还体现在 Mutt, tin 等很多程序中。你甚至可以把 bash 设置为 vi 的输入方式来输入命令行，我就是这么做的。一个程序可以调用另外一个程序来得到数据，可以把数据交给它处理后返回来，可以在自己的窗口里"嵌入"另外一个程序。

在 Windows 和其它非 UNIX 操作系统中，这种合作是非常困难的。我曾经在Windows下使用 Perl来进行一些自动工作。但是 Windows 的文件操作，管道是如此的不稳定，程序之间基本不能合作。你别想在 Visual Studio 窗口里面嵌入 UltraEdit 编辑器，你别想用一个 expect 脚本来控制 telnet 到水木清华BBS。

Windows 的程序都是大而全，大而杂，所有的电子邮件程序都需要自己提供编辑器，自己发送和收取邮件，自己显示邮件的附件。每一个BBS程序都提供自己的Virtual Terminal, 自己的通讯代码。每一个 IDE 都自己提供编辑器，编译器，汇编器，调试器。人们为了使用一种新的程序，需要适应所有这些它提供的界面，而不能使用自己喜欢的编辑器的键绑定，菜单组织…… 不能 DIY！

你要知道，最高级的电脑是定做的，自己想要什么什么CPU，什么主板，多少内存，什么硬盘，键盘，鼠标，显示器都是自己选择的。最高级的滑板，自己想要什么牌子的版面，什么牌子的沙，什么桥，什么轮子，什么轴承，也都是自己选的。最高级的古球拍，木板，胶皮，海绵，胶水都是可以自己选择…… 而用 Windows 程序，你得到的是大杂烩，就像你去买"品牌机"，只有那么几种配置，而且附带很多你不需要的软件和服务；就像你去买组装好的滑板，你想要大一点的轮子和窄一点的板子，但是你没有这种选择余地！Windows 程序就相当于最廉价，最次的滑板。但是它却会花你更多的钱，因为一旦一个部件坏了，或者你不喜欢了，你不能另外找一个好的换掉它，你必需重新买全套配件！

而 UNIX 和 Xwindow 就是高档的"组装货"。比如我用 Mutt 的时候，我可以用 VIM也可以用 pico 来编辑邮件，我可以用 ImageMagick 也可以用 xv 来显示附件里的图片，我可以用 lynx 把 HTML 附件转成文本嵌入窗口中，我也可以把 HTML 附件交给Mozilla 图形显示。我可以让 GnuPG 帮我把邮件进行数字签名和加密，我也可以用其它 PGP 程序。

我想让 Postfix 而不是 sendmail 帮我发出邮件，我想让 fetchmail 帮我收邮件，转发给 postfix，然后被我自己写的Perl过滤器处理…… 这一切我都可以办到！我可以选择我最喜欢的专门的程序来完成专门的工作，然后把它们结合在一起，我也可以分别得到它们的好处。

学 UNIX 绝对不是浪费时间
有人告诉我："你看我用 Windows 什么都不用学。而用 Linux，光是安装就花了我一个星期！"

首先，我要告诉你的是，你装 Linux 花了一个星期，不是因为 Linux 不好装，而是因为你已经习惯了 Windows，对 Linux 最初难以理解而已。你想一想你最初安装Windows的时候呢？你花了多少时间搞明白什么是硬盘分区？什么是盘符？什么是目录？你认为Windows 就是那么容易可以学会的吗？虽然你觉得没花时间学，但是你以前在用别人的机器的时候已经耳濡目染，自然就了解了。而且由于你想要 Linux 和 Windows 并存于硬盘上，又增加了安装难度。而且你肯定没有得到有经验的 Linux 用户的帮助，否则他们会在20分种之内帮你搞定。一个星期也太夸张了.

如果一开始用的就是Linux就没有这个问题。你想想如果你没有用过 windows，你肯定会很习惯 /etc, /usr, /usr/local ,... 而不是 C:, D:, E:, ... 是不是？如果你只用过Linux，你第一次用 windows 时恐怕也会问："/bin 目录哪里去了啊？"

最重要的是，你用惯了的UNIX工具，它们可以伴随你一生，而不会那么容易变化或消失。你可以永远不用再换另外的工具了。除非那个工具比你这个好的太多，而且可以完全模拟你现在的工具。

我们实验室一个60多岁的老师，用vi, cc, make, ...都几十年了，他以前的经验绝对没有白费，而且教会了我们一批又一批的学生。vi 伴随着 UNIX 的最初发行而诞生，直到今天还是世界上头两号编辑器之一！有些人的 FVWM 配置文件已经用了 10 多年，现在完全不经修改还可以用。

看看 Windows 的工具，你从 Borland C++ 换到 VC, 就必需适应新的环境：菜单不同了，颜色不同了，按钮不同了，帮助信息不同了，热键不同了，编译器参数，调试器功能也不同了，…… 那个时候恐怕花要花你很多时间去适应。当你刚刚适应了 VC, 你又要换成VJ, PowerBuilder, C++Builder, ...

很多windows程序员都是这样，开头在dos下用Turbo C, 然后是 Borland C, VC, C++ Builder, ......不断追赶微软的潮流。而且微软的SDK, MFC, .NET …… 什么都在不断变化，不断出问题，又不断的在修改…… Windows 程序员不得不买又厚又重的 Microsoft Press 的书籍，看了才一个月，又过时了。今天你才学会了写 VxD，明天你就必须用WDM 了。你不得不注册 MSDN 才能赶上 Microsoft 的步伐。很多人说："计算机是贵族的专业。" 这就是微软一手造成的。

这些东西才是没完没了的浪费大家的时间和金钱的。这是是浪费生命！我们为什么不使用从诞生就那么一致和完美的 UNIX？你需要理解先进工具的设计理念。UNIX 的工具就像我们用的汽车，它的离合器，油门，刹车，方向盘，后视镜，永远都在同样的位置。用惯了的话，你对你的汽车的每一个部件都会了如指掌，甚至你自己都可以修车了。这难道不好吗？

有人说："你说我们需要了解 UNIX，难道你要开车还必须了解汽车的结构吗？" 你去问问开车的司机，哪一个不了解汽车的结构的，那他的驾照就是混来的。你难道想要傻瓜型的"微软牌汽车"吗？我们来看看：

你买的微软牌汽车最开头只有一个座位，每加一个座位你得向汽车公司付钱。车上的防撞气囊不时会冒出来，说是为了你的安全。每开100英里要大修一次，每过一年要换一次引擎。附带的，你还必须换用由微软汽车公司指定的石油公司提供的新型号的机油。你的车出了问题，但是法律规定，你不准私自拆开你的汽车来修理，你必需到微软汽车公司指定的维修点去，需要付相当多的钱才能修好一个小毛病。

最可气的是，你每换一个型号的微软牌汽车，它的刹车和离合器都在不同的位置，你需要重新去考驾驶执照。如果这辆汽车在途中刹车失灵，你受了重伤，你也不能状告微软汽车公司，因为你买来汽车之后必须签一个合同，说"由于微软牌汽车对你和家人造成的一切死伤，微软概不负责。"

怎样完全用 GNU/Linux 工作

说了这么多 Windows 的不好。我还没有告诉你我怎么用 Linux 处理有些必要的事情。半年以前我由于中文老是配置不好，一直是双系统，不时需要重起到 Win2k 来处理汉字。后来我找到了 miniChinput, XSIM 和 SCIM 输入法。这下可以处理汉字了。而且 VIM 和Emacs 对汉字支持越来越好。我的大部分文本是用 VIM 编辑的，包括程序，信件，网页，LaTeX 论文，MetaPost 绘图语言。

我不用 Word 这样的程序写论文，而是用 LaTeX，因为这是世界上效果最好，最方便的论文工具，是大多数学术杂志要求的格式。幻灯都是用 ConTeXt 做的，用起来很简单，而且效果非常漂亮。你可以看看我的TeX介绍。

至于绘图，你可以用很多可视化的工具，比如 xfig，dia。但是对于我来说，任何可视化的工具都不能完成某些任务，我需要一种可以精确描述图形的语言。我找到了MetaPost。它简单又好用，而且效果是世界一流的。我的插图，如果不是图像，都是MetaPost 画出来的。

我曾经抱怨 mozilla-mail 经常突然消失，损坏我好几封快要完成的信件。后来我发现mozilla 的邮件处理程序确实是不稳定的，功能又弱，有经验的 UNIX 用户都不用这样的程序。Mutt 是一个非常稳定可靠的 UNIX 邮件处理程序，而且功能非常强大。我曾经为 Gnome 和 KDE 的不稳定而烦恼。现在我找到了非常强大的 FVWM。KDE，Gnome也能和 FVWM 一起工作。虽然 Gnome 和 KDE 总体不稳定，但是某些部件程序还不错，很多 gtk, Qt 的程序也很不错，它们很多都是可以独立于这些桌面环境运行的。

Linux 有很多强大方便的工作方式是 Windows 没有的，或者有类似的东西，但是很差劲或者用起来不方便。比如 ssh 服务，rsync，cvs，expect ……

结论

我写这么多的目的是什么？我希望喜欢 Linux 的朋友，完全清除微软和 Windows 灌输在你脑子里的谬论，别再相信它们所谓的"新技术"，别再追赶 Windows，因为追赶Windows ＝ 倒退。马克思有一个思想很重要，"新生事物并不一定是在最近出现的。"

UNIX，Xwindow, TeX 虽然都比 Windows 先出现，但是它们才是先进生产力的代表。我们要清楚的认识到什么才是真正的现代化，什么才是真正的自动化。

消除学计算机很难的幻觉，勇敢的拿起像 bash, FVWM, TeX, VIM, Emacs, Mutt ……这样强大的程序，勇敢的面对符号。不要再埋怨"Linux 为什么不能像 Windows 那样"，不要再浪费时间试用这样那样的程序，不要再忙着升级。你需要理解 UNIX 的工作方式，因为那是大多数科学家的工作方式。Linux 可以成为你的好朋友，你需要认识它，了解它，信任它，才能完全的靠它来高效的工作。当然，在游戏机，手机，掌上电脑里，或者在用电脑来娱乐的时候，用一些"傻瓜软件"还是不错的.

我希望小学，中学的计算机老师能够提高自己的素质，在孩子们的启蒙教育中充分利用Linux 神秘的特点，引起孩子们对数学，对符号的好奇心。诱导他们用计算机来解决世界上的有趣问题，而不要把教学的范围局限于计算机的操作和它自身的问题。

附录: 我用来处理日常事务的 Linux 程序
好了好了。我知道你发现自己应该转向 Linux，你很后悔当初为什么中了微软的邪。但是不要着急。因为这些东西本来只是工具，它们是用来完成你的主要任务的辅助而已。你以前选错了工具，这不要紧。你还是拥有你自己原来的专业技能，那才是最重要的。工具的东西只有慢慢适应转换，不能一蹴而就，否则你会感到非常没意思，甚至放弃。

如果你只想做一个像我这样的普通用户，主要目的是用 Linux 来完成自己的任务，那就可以不用系统管理员或者网络管理员的标准来要求自己，因为当一个系统和网络管理员确实很辛苦。这里我对实验室的网管同学鞠一躬，谢谢你的指点和帮助. 不用把你的机器当成网络服务器，不用开放没有必要的服务，设置好 ssh, ftp 已经足够了。这样会省去了解很多没必要了解的东西的时间。不用过度考虑"安全"，因为 Linux 缺省已经很安全了。不过你有兴趣了解更多那也无妨。

下面给出一些推荐使用的可以处理一般事情的程序。至于你的专业上要用到的科学和工程软件比如 Matlab, Mathematica, Maple, HSpice, Design Compiler, …… 还有其它物理上的，化学上的，生物上的 …… 都必然有 Linux 和 UNIX 的版本。当然他们很多不是免费的，不要总是觉得什么都应该免费，自由不等于免费。它们是经过很多人辛勤劳动的产物，是可靠的程序，它们物有所值。

下面列出我常用的一些 Linux 程序。一个列表里可能有很多，那是为了方便你来选择，我列出了比较信得过的。但其实很多只有第一个是我真正在用的，我不喜欢试用程序。我不是一个合格的网络管理员，我的服务器都只设置了我自己需要的功能，那样可以省去我很多麻烦。

Shell: bash。它结合了 csh 和 ksh 的优点，并且有 readline 功能，你可以随意绑定自己的键盘。
编辑器： VIM, Emacs。
程序开发： GCC, make, ld, Scheme48, j2sdk, Perl, Python, Tcl/Tk ...
论文，幻灯工具：LaTeX, ConTeXt
绘图工具：MetaPost。这个语言太强了，以至于我只用它了。你不熟悉的话可以用xfig, dia 来画一些流程图之类的图片。
图像处理：ImageMagick。其中的 import 程序可以屏幕抓图，convert 程序可以转换图像格式，display 可以显示图片和简单编辑(缩放，换质量，转格式，简单绘图，简单虑镜)。通常我就这么点需要。如果你要更强大的图像工具可以用 Gimp, 它几乎和Photoshop差不多。
自动管理工具：make。我可以用make来自动编译程序，自动编译文档，自动更新插图…… 全自动，而且不会重复劳动。
数值计算程序：SciLab。这个程序基本上可以代替 Matlab。
代数计算程序：MAXIMA。这个程序基于世界上最老的计算机代数系统之一: 由美国能源部(DOE)发行的 MIT Macsyma 系统。它是用 Common Lisp 实现的。很多现在的符号计算程序比如 Maple 都从 MAXIMA 身上学到很多东西。它现在经过 DOE 批准以GPL发行，永远是一个自由软件。
加密程序：GnuPG。我的 PGP 密钥就是它搞出来的。
打包，压缩程序。什么都有: tar, gzip, bzip2, zip, rar, ...
虚拟光驱程序。Linux 不需要虚拟光驱程序，直接 mount 就行了。
ftp 服务器：proftpd, vsftpd。proftpd 功能很强，但是我只用了最简单的一种设置。
WWW 服务器：apache。(我一般没有开)
ftp 客户程序：lftp，ncftp。它们都是文本方式操作的，但是比起图形界面的方便的多。比如 lftp 几乎具有 bash 的所有方便功能，Tab 补全，bookmark, queue, 后台下载，镜像…… Linux 也有图形界面的 ftp 客户程序，但是大多不稳定，有很多问题。这就是很多人抱怨 Linux 不如 Windows 的一个小原因。还有很多人用 Wine 模拟 Windows 的leapftp，其实 lftp 比 leapftp 好很多，你需要的只是适应一下。
自动下载工具：wget。它非常稳定，有一次我下载一个程序，用 IE 和 Mozilla 下载回来的文件都是坏的，最后还是 wget 可靠的传输了数据。用它甚至可以镜像整个网站，比起WebZip 这样的 Windows 程序强多了，而且不会因为你不付钱就在下载回来的网页里强制插入广告。
虚拟终端：rxvt, xterm, gnome-terminal, mlterm, ...
X server: XFree86
窗口管理器：FVWM。编译加入了 libstroke。
中文输入：XSIM。被我修改过以适应 FVWM 的需要。另外推荐你还可以用 SCIM。
email 处理：Mutt + Postfix + fetchmail
看 PDF, PS, DJVU 文件：Acrobat Reader, xpdf, GhostScript, gv, djvu工具包和netscape 插件。
看CAJ文档。我从来不看CAJ之类的文档，如果找不到PDF或PS，直接去图书馆借最好。
看网页：Mozilla, Phoenix, lynx。Mozilla-Xft 的显示效果比IE 好很多。
英汉字典：IBM智能词典，星际译王。
编辑网页：我用VIM 直接写 HTML。你如果想要图形方式的可以用其它的比如screem, BlueFish。
登录其它 UNIX, Linux 机器：openSSH, telnet。 我喜欢用 openSSH 把其它机器的X 程序通过 ssh 加密的隧道传到我机器上显示。
登录 Windows2000 server 的 display service: rdesktop，...我有一天试了一下，不错。后来就没有用过了。
同步程序：rsync。我用 rsync 通过 ssh 来跟某些机器同步数据，或者做自己机器上不同目录间的同步。
上BBS：rxvt(或任何一种终端) + telnet + chatbot(helloooo 机器人的程序)
QQ, ICQ: 我没有 QQ 或 ICQ。不过你可以用 Gaim, 它同时支持 QQ, ICQ 和很多其它的即时通信方式。ICQ 用户也可以用 Licq。
放录像：MPlayer, RealPlayer。MPlayer 太好了，直接就可以放 VCD, DVD, divx, wma, wmv ... 用 Windows 的同学都很羡慕我，说 Windows 要放这个需要大堆插件。rm 最好还是用 realplayer 放，它也是免费的。
放音乐： xmms(mp3,ogg都可以), mpg321(放mp3), ogg123(放ogg)。mpg321 不如xmms管理音乐文件那么方便，但是有时我还是用 mpg321 放 mp3 作为背景音乐，因为懒得开一个xmms窗口:-)
游戏：我觉得 KDE 的那个 ksokoban(推箱子)，很好玩 :-)
看 Word 文档。请 Word 用户把文档全部转为 PDF 或 PS 再给我，文档里没有特殊的格式干脆就用文本吧，何必那么麻烦。以前很奇怪的是，通知里本来没有什么特殊的格式居然还要发doc附件的email。现在好了，我们系发通知都用文本，PDF，甚至图片了。
其它程序：还有很多我需要用而你不一定用得着的。比如，Doctor Scheme,
Scheme48, Scsh, kawa...这些程序只有 Doctor Scheme 有Windows版本。还有很多幕后工作但是你一般不察觉的：xinetd, telnetd, sshd, crond, atd, lpd, ... 他们都比 Windows 的对应者强的多，或者根本没有对应者。


附:

写给支持和反对《完全用Linux工作》的人们
作者：王垠

在一阵阵唾骂和欢呼声中，《完全用linux工作》被转载到了天涯海角。很多人支持我，也有很多人唾骂我。我不知道它是怎样流传到那么多地方，其实我不知道它都被转到哪里去了…… 我知道现在这篇文章又会罗里罗索写很长（因为我计划写这样一个东西已经很久了，坐在Emacs前面总是有一种巫师在炼丹的感觉……），所以先提出中心思想吧。中心思想就是：

我只是一个傻瓜。看《完全用Linux 工作》的时候请用你们自己的判断力。

几乎所有人都承认，那篇文章很偏激。当时的情况是这样，我用 Linux 的时候被一个同学鄙视了，说："你怎么用像 DOS 一样落后的东西，真土！看我漂亮的 Win2000..." 这跟当面嘲笑别人老婆或者妈妈有什么区别？我义愤填膺啊，就几乎跟他吵起来。然后就写出了这篇文章放在主页上，叫了几个人来看。接着我珍爱的 TeX 又受到众人鄙视，于是我又写了一篇文章打击 Word，然后把 TeX 捧上了天。道理很简单，鄙视我喜欢的东西的人就是敌人 --邪教徒或者恐怖分子--他支持的我就反对，他反对的我就支持。为了使人信服，举例必用大科学家，世界一流大学，一流实验室的名号，虽然我不跟其中任何一种沾边。还好那时候我还不认识上帝，要不就打他的名字了。论据不管是实际经历还是自己推测的，先写上去再说。扬眉吐气啊！隔壁微软研究院的哥们居然都被我打动了，开始写 Linux 程序，学用 LaTeX 和 Emacs。不过几天之后我就把它删掉了，因为我自己都感觉到偏激。

于是就没管那篇文章了。可是没想到它竟然已经被转载到那么多地方，似乎引起不小的波澜。有段时间每天都收到十几封email，国内的，国外的，问技术问题的，夸我的，骂我的，讲道理的，鄙视我的，想交朋友的，语重心长的，号称要删掉机器上的 Windows 的…… 我的主页居然也占据了"王垠"在 Google 上的首选位置，把那个日本的什么王公贵族"李王垠殿下"都挤下去了。大家似乎都知道我天花乱坠的本事了，有人就想找我写文章向别人推荐商业软件，我很后悔没有趁机狠狠赚一笔。走到图书馆，亮出借书证，管理员张大了嘴说："哇！你就是那个 Linux 牛人啊！"，也不知道他是褒是贬。甚至有人把他的 BBS 昵称都改成了"坚决拥护精神领袖花生" （花生是我的外号）。为此还骗到了好几顿报告?quot;报告"是清华专用动词，意思是请客吃饭）。虽然我觉得自己身上没有什么值得自豪的东西，但是又有点为自己兴风作浪的本事感到惊讶。虽然我一再告诫自己要谦虚，但是不由的有一种毛泽东，甘地，甚至摩西的感觉。我更加体会到"网络上没有人知道你是一头猪"的真理性。其实，不但网络上没有人知道我是一头猪，实际生活中也没有人知道，其实我是一头笨猪。

这么长的时间之后，还有人写信给我说"深受鼓舞"，"提壶灌顶"，"对不起我还在用 Windows 给你写信"，"真想删掉Windows 啊" …… 我很好奇，我的文章真的有那么大的威力？我再看这篇文章，觉得有点惨不忍睹，看了开头就不忍心再看下去。我告诉同学我很后悔写了一篇这么偏激的文章，可是他?quot;徼枉必须过正，你没有错"，所以我也搞不清楚自己这样写对不对，这样自责对不对。就像我从来不敢看自己照片，却有时被人称为帅哥，就让我无法判断自己是否帅一样。所以现在我就开始怀疑我自己是否真是一头笨猪。也许多年以后，我会正确的评价我的想法。就像我现在觉得我15岁的照片挺养眼一样，也许我会发现自己其实是一头聪明猪？

写这篇文章不是为了让自己免得被骂，也不是为了显示高深的猪的哲理。只是因为我深深的感到人应该有自己的判断力，不要简单的接受别人说的 DO's 和 DONT's。怀疑一切，同时又敞开心扉去了解一切。

看过《完全用Linux工作》的朋友，请仔细检查里面的 DO's 和 DONT's。